Abstract
Sarcopenia is a major global public health problem that harms individual physical function. In 2018, the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in the Elderly 2 classified sarcopenia into primary and secondary sarcopenia. However, information on the pathogenesis and effective treatment of primary and secondary sarcopenia is limited. Traditional herbal active ingredients have biological activities that promote skeletal muscle health, showing potential preventive and therapeutic effects on sarcopenia. Therefore, this narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of global traditional herbal active ingredients’ beneficial therapeutic effects and molecular mechanisms on sarcopenia-related animal models. For this purpose, we conducted a literature search in three databases, PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase, consistent with the review objectives. After the screening, 12 animal studies met the review themes. The review results showed that the pathological mechanisms in sarcopenia-related animal models include imbalanced protein metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, insulin resistance, endoplasmic reticulum stress, impaired mitochondrial biogenesis, and autophagy-lysosome system aggravation. Eleven traditional herbal active ingredients exerted positive anti-sarcopenic effects by ameliorating these pathological mechanisms. This narrative review will provide meaningful insight into future studies regarding traditional herbal active ingredients for treating sarcopenia.
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Abbreviations
- AI:
-
Atractylenolide I
- Akt:
-
Protein kinase B
- ALK:
-
Activin receptor-like kinase
- ATF6:
-
Activating transcription factor 6
- Bax:
-
Bcl2-associated X protein
- Bcl2:
-
B-cell lymphoma 2 protein
- BMP:
-
Bone morphogenetic protein
- CHOP:
-
C/EBP homologous protein
- CK:
-
Ginsenoside compound K
- CKD:
-
Chronic kidney disease
- COPD:
-
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- CS:
-
Carnosol
- DCS:
-
Dimethyl-carnosol
- DCSD:
-
Dimethyl-carnosol-D6
- DEXA:
-
Dexamethasone
- DHM:
-
Dihydromyricetin
- DMF:
-
5,7-Dimethoxyflavone
- ER:
-
Endoplasmic reticulum
- FOXO3a:
-
Forkhead box class O 3a
- GPx:
-
Glutathione peroxidase
- GR:
-
Glutathione reductase
- GSK-3β:
-
Glycogen synthase kinase 3β
- IGF-1:
-
Insulin-like growth factor 1
- IKB:
-
Inhibitor of κB
- IKK:
-
IκB kinase
- JAK:
-
Janus kinase
- LPS:
-
Lipopolysaccharides
- MDA:
-
Malondialdehyde
- MHC:
-
Major histocompatibility complex
- mTOR:
-
Mammalian target of rapamycin
- MSTN:
-
Myostatin
- MuRF1:
-
Muscle RING-finger protein-1
- MyHC:
-
Myosin heavy chain
- MyoD:
-
Myogenic differentiation antigen
- NF-κB:
-
Nuclear factor-kappa B
- NRF-1:
-
Nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 1
- ORX:
-
Orchiectomized
- Pax7:
-
Paired box protein Pax-7
- PGC-1α:
-
Proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha
- PI3K:
-
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases
- PKM2:
-
Pyruvate kinase isozyme M2
- S-Rg3:
-
20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3
- SNAP23:
-
Synaptosome-associated protein 23
- STAT:
-
Signal transducer and activator of transcription
- TFAM:
-
Mitochondrial transcription factor A
- TNF-α:
-
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
- WOS:
-
Web of Science
- XIAP:
-
X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein
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Acknowledgements
Firstly, we would like to thank Prof. Huanan Jia, from Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Department of Geriatrics, for reviewing the initial version of this article. Secondly, we would like to thank Kaixi Ding’s parents (Xia Wang and Bing Ding), grandfather (Qingquan Ding), and uncle (Yi Ding), as they have inspired Kaixi Ding’s enthusiasm and pursuit of medical research from the beginning to the present.
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Conceptualization: Kaixi Ding and Wei Jiang. Methodology: Kaixi Ding and Wei Jiang. Software: Juejue Zhangwang and Yu Wang. Validation: Juejue Zhangwang and Yu Wang. Writing—original draft preparation: Kaixi Ding. Writing—review and editing: Kaixi Ding and Wei Jiang. Visualization: Wei Jiang. Supervision: Ming Lei. Project administration: Ming Lei and Jing Zhang. The authors confirm that no paper mill and artificial intelligence was used.
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Ding, K., Jiang, W., Zhangwang, J. et al. The potential of traditional herbal active ingredients in the treatment of sarcopenia animal models: focus on therapeutic effects and mechanisms. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 396, 3483–3501 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-023-02639-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-023-02639-7