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Development of sustainable antibacterial coatings based on electrophoretic deposition of multilayers: gentamicin-loaded chitosan/gelatin/bioactive glass deposition on PEEK/bioactive glass layer

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Abstract

Developing non-toxic, bioactive, and antibacterial implant devices is an urgent demand in the biomedical field. Here, the antibacterial behaviour and bioactivity of the polyetheretherketone (PEEK)-based coating was enhanced via multi-layer coating approach. This paper presents a study on antibacterial efficiency and in vitro bioactivity of electrophoretically deposited biodegradable gentamicin sulphate (GS)-loaded chitosan (CS)/gelatin (GT)/bioactive glass (BG) layers on PEEK/BG coatings. As a first layer, PEEK/BG layer was utilized to provide long term stability of the implant and to be a potential reservoir for sustainable drug release. Initially, a Taguchi design of experiment (DoE) approach was adopted to optimize EPD process of CS/GT/BG coatings on 316L stainless steel (316L SS) substrates. Later, CS/GT/BG coatings including GS particles were produced first on the bare 316L SS and then on the PEEK/BG layer. The multi-layered coatings were analysed through morphological, chemical composition, antibacterial activity, drug release capacity, and in vitro bioactivity. The GS was released from the coatings in the controlled manner and minimum inhibitory concentration was maintained even after 3 weeks of incubation. The agar disc diffusion tests confirmed that sustained release of GS provided an antibacterial result against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus carnosus (S. carnosus). Acellular in vitro analysis demonstrated the bioactive nature of the multi-layered coatings by forming an apatite-like layer on the surface of the coatings after 72 h immersion in the simulated body fluid (SBF). Furthermore, the non-toxic behaviour of the multi-layered coatings was confirmed by in vitro cellular studies.

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Availability of data and materials

The data presented and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on request.

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Acknowledgements

MAUR is thankful to Prof. Aldo R. Boccaccini and Institute of Biomaterials (WW7) at FAU Erlangen, Germany for the free provision to the lab and material characterization tools.

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This research work is partially funded by the British Council, Pakistan.

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  1. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Space Technology Islamabad, 1, Islamabad Highway, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan

    Muhammad Atiq Ur Rehman & Syeda Ammara Batool

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The authors’ contributions are as follows: MAUR conceptualized, planned, and carried out the experiments. SAB contributed to the analysis and interpretation of results, and preparing the figure sets.

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Rehman, M.A.U., Batool, S.A. Development of sustainable antibacterial coatings based on electrophoretic deposition of multilayers: gentamicin-loaded chitosan/gelatin/bioactive glass deposition on PEEK/bioactive glass layer. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 120, 3885–3900 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-022-09024-3

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