Skip to main content
Log in

On Ulam Stability of the Inhomogeneous Version of the General Linear Functional Equation

  • Published:
Results in Mathematics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The Ulam stability concerns the following issue: how much an approximate solution to an equation differs from an exact solution to the equation. We prove a general Ulam stability result for the functional equation

$$\begin{aligned} \sum _{i=1}^m A_i f\left( \,\sum _{j=1}^n a_{ij} x_j \right) = D(x_1,\ldots ,x_n), \end{aligned}$$

in the class of functions f mapping a module X, over a commutative ring \({\mathbb {K}}\), into a Banach space Y, where m and n are fixed positive integers, \(a_{ij}\in {\mathbb {K}}\) for every \(i \in \{ 1, \dots , m\}\) and \(j \in \{1, \dots , n\}\), \(A_1,\ldots ,A_m\) are scalars, and the function \(D : X^n \rightarrow Y\) is fixed. In this way we generalize an earlier result of A. Bahyrycz and J. Olko. We also show some interesting consequences of this outcome, including conditions sufficient for the existence of solutions to the equation. Particular cases of the equation that we investigate are for instance the functional equations of Cauchy, Jensen, Jordan–von Neumann, Drygas, Fréchet, Popoviciu, Wright and many others.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

References

  1. Aczél, J., Dhombres, J.: Functional Equations in Several Variables. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1989)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  2. Alexander, D.S.: A History of Complex Dynamics. From Schröder to Fatou and Julia, Vieweg. Braunschweig (1994)

  3. Alsina, C., Sikorska, J., Tomás, M.S.: Norm Derivatives and Characterizations of Inner Product Spaces. World Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore (2010)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  4. Aoki, T.: On the stability of the linear transformation in Banach spaces. J. Math. Soc. Jpn. 2, 64–66 (1950)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  5. Badora, R., Brzdęk, J.: Banach limit in the stability problem of a linear functional equation. Results Math. 76 , 1–17 (2021)

  6. Badora, R., Brzdęk, J., Ciepliński, K.: Applications of Banach limit in Ulam stability. Symmetry 13, 841 (2021)

  7. Bahyrycz, A., Brzdęk, J., Piszczek, M.: On Approximately \(p\)-Wright affine functions in ultrametric spaces, J. Funct. Spaces Appl. (2013), Art. ID 723545

  8. Bahyrycz, A., Brzdęk, J., Piszczek, M., Sikorska, J.: Hyperstability of the Fréchet equation and a characterization of inner product spaces. J. Funct. Spaces Appl. (2013), Art. ID 496361

  9. Bahyrycz, A., Olko, J.: On stability of the general linear equation. Aequat. Math. 89, 1461–1474 (2015)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  10. Bahyrycz, A., Olko, J.: Hyperstability of general linear functional equation. Aequat. Math. 90, 527–540 (2016)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  11. Bahyrycz, A., Piszczek, M.: Hyperstability of the Jensen functional equation. Acta Math. Hungar. 142, 353–365 (2014)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  12. Baron, K., Jarczyk, W.: Recent results on functional equations in a single variable, perspectives and open problems. Aequat. Math. 61, 1–48 (2001)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  13. Bassett, G.: Review of median stable distributions and Schröder’s equation. J. Econom. 213, 289–295 (2019)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  14. Belitskii, G., Tkachenko, V.: In: One-Dimensional Functional Equations. Birkhäuser, Basel (2003)

  15. Benzarouala, C., Oubbi, L.: Ulam-stability of a generalized linear functional equation, a fixed point approach. Aequat. Math. 94, 989–1000 (2020)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  16. Benzarouala, C., Oubbi, L.: A purely fixed point approach to the Ulam-Hyers stability and hyperstability of a general functional equation, in: Ulam Type Stability (J. Brzdęk et al., eds.). Springer Nature. Switzerland. (2019), 47–56

  17. Bisi, C., Gentili, G.: Schröder equation in several variables and composition operators. Atti Accad Naz. Lincei Rend. Lincei Mat. Appl. 17, 125–134 (2006)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  18. Bonet, J., Domański, P.: Abel’s functional equation and eigenvalues of composition operators on spaces of real analytic functions. Integral Eq. Oper. Th. 81, 455–482 (2015)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  19. Bracci, F., Gentili, G.: Solving the Schröder equation at the boundary in several variables. Michigan Math. J. 53, 337–356 (2005)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  20. Bridges, R.A.: A solution to Schröder’s equation in several variables. J. Funct. Anal. 270, 3137–3172 (2016)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  21. Brzdęk, J.: A hyperstability result for the Cauchy equation. Bull. Austral. Math. Soc. 89, 33–40 (2014)

  22. Brzdęk, J.: Remarks on stability of some inhomogeneous functional equations. Aequat. Math. 89, 83–96 (2015)

  23. Brzdęk, J.: Stability of the equation of the \(p\)-Wright affine functions. Aequat. Math. 85, 497–503 (2013)

  24. Brzdęk, J.: Hyperstability of the Cauchy equation on restricted domains. Acta Math. Hungar. 141, 58–67 (2013)

  25. Brzdęk, J., Cădariu, L., Ciepliński, K.: Fixed point theory and the Ulam stability. J. Funct. Spaces, Art. ID 829419 (2014)

  26. Brzdęk, J., Chudziak, J., Páles, Z.: A fixed point approach to stability of functional equations. Nonlinear Anal. TMA 74, 6728–6732 (2011)

  27. Brzdęk, J., Fechner, W., Moslehian, M. S., Sikorska, J.: Recent developments of the conditional stability of the homomorphism equation. Banach J. Math. Anal. 9, 278–326 (2015)

  28. Brzdęk, J., Popa, D., Xu, B.: On approximate solutions of the linear functional equation of higher order. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 373, 680–689 (2011)

  29. Brzdęk, J., Popa, D., Raşa, I., Xu, B.: Ulam Stability of Operators, Academic Press, London (2018)

  30. Chudziak, M.: On a generalization of the Popoviciu equation on groups. Ann. Univ. Pedagog. Crac. Stud. Math. 9, 49–53 (2010)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  31. Chudziak, M.: Stability of the Popoviciu type functional equations on groups. Opuscula Math. 31, 317–325 (2011)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  32. Chudziak, M.: On solutions and stability of functional equations connected to the Popoviciu inequality. Ph.D. Thesis (in Polish). Pedagogical University of Cracow (Poland), Cracow (2012)

  33. Chudziak, M.: Popoviciu type functional equations on groups, In: Th. M. Rassias, J. Brzdȩk (eds.), Functional Equations in Mathematical Analysis. Springer Optimization and Its Applications. 52, 417–426 (2011)

  34. Ciepliński, K.: Schröder equation and commuting functions on the circle. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 342, 394–397 (2008)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  35. Contreras, M.D., Díaz-Madrigal, S., Pommerenke, C.: Some remarks on the Abel equation in the unit disk. J. Lond. Math. Soc. (2) 75, 623–634 (2007)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  36. Cowen, C.C., MacCluer, B.D.: Schroeder’s equation in several variables. Taiwan. J. Math. 7, 129–154 (2003)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  37. Dragomir, S.S.: Some characterizations of inner product spaces and applications. Studia Univ. Babes-Bolyai Math. 34, 50–55 (1989)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  38. Elin, M., Goryainov, V., Reich, S., Shoikhet, D.: Fractional iteration and functional equations for functions analytic in the unit disk. Comput. Methods Funct. Theory 2, 353–366 (2002)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  39. Enoch, R.D.: Formal power series solutions of Schröder’s equation. Aequat. Math. 74, 26–61 (2007)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  40. Farzadfard, H.: Practical tests for the Schröder equation to have a regularly varying solution. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 477, 734–746 (2019)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  41. Forti, G.L.: Hyers–Ulam stability of functional equations in several variables. Aequat. Math. 50, 143–190 (1995)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  42. Gajda, Z.: On stability of additive mappings. Int. J. Math. Math. Sci. 14, 431–434 (1991)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  43. Gǎvruta, P.: A Generalization of the Hyers–Ulam–Rassias stability of approximately additive mappings. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 184, 431–436 (1994)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  44. Gilányi, A.: Hyers–Ulam stability of monomial functional equations on a general domain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 10588–10590 (1999)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  45. Hyers, D.H.: On the stability of the linear functional equation. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 27, 222–224 (1941)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  46. Hyers, D.H., Isac, G., Rassias, T.M.: Stability of Functional Equations in Several Variables. Birkhäuser, Boston, MA (1998)

  47. Jessen, B., Karpf, J., Thorup, A.: Some functional equations in groups and rings. Math. Scand. 22, 257–265 (1968)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  48. Jordan, P., von Neumann, J.: On inner products in linear metric spaces. Ann. Math. Second Ser. 36, 719–723 (1935)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  49. Jung, S. M.: Hyers–Ulam–Rassias stability of functional equations in nonlinear analysis. Springer Optimization and Its Applications. 48 (2011)

  50. Kannappan, P.: Quadratic functional equation and inner product spaces. Results Math. 27, 368–372 (1995)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  51. Kannappan, P.: Functional Equations and Inequalities with Applications. Springer, Basel (2009)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  52. Kuczma, M.: An Introduction to the Theory of Functional Equations and Inequalities. Cauchy’s Equation and Jensen’s Inequality, 2nd ed. Birkhäuser, Basel (2009)

  53. Kuczma, M.: Functional Equations in a Single Variable, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Warszawa (1968)

  54. Kuczma, M., Choczewski, B., Ger, R.: Iterative Functional Equations. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1990)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  55. Lee, Y.H.: On the Hyers–Ulam–Rassias stability of the generalized polynomial function of degree 2. J. Chuncheong Math. Soc. 22, 201–209 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  56. Lee, Y.W.: On the stability on a quadratic Jensen type functional equation. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 270, 590–601 (2002)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  57. Lee, Y.W.: Stability of a generalized quadratic functional equation with Jensen type. Bull. Korean Math. Soc. 42, 57–73 (2005)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  58. Lyubich, Yu.I.: The cohomological equations in nonsmooth categories. Banach Center Publ. 112, 221–272 (2017)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  59. Małolepszy, T.: Nonlinear Volterra integral equations and the Schröder functional equation. Nonlinear Anal. 74, 424–432 (2011)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  60. Moslehian, M.S., Rassias, J.M.: A characterization of inner product spaces concerning an Euler–Lagrange identity. Commun. Math. Anal. 8, 16–21 (2010)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  61. Luévano, J.R., Piña, E.: The Schröder functional equation and its relation to the invariant measures of chaotic maps. J. Phys. A. 41 (2008)

  62. Nikodem, K., Páles, Z.: Characterizations of inner product spaces by strongly convex functions. Banach J. Math. Anal. 5, 83–87 (2011)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  63. Phochai, T., Saejung, S.: The hyperstability of general linear equation via that of Cauchy equation. Aequat. Math. 93, 781–789 (2019)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  64. Phochai, T., Saejung, S.: Hyperstability of generalised linear functional equations in several variables. Bull. Aust. Math. Soc. 102, 293–302 (2020)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  65. Piszczek, M.: Remark on hyperstability of the general linear equation. Aequat. Math. 88, 163–168 (2014)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  66. Piszczek, M.: Hyperstability of the general linear functional equation. Bull. Korean Math. Soc. 52, 1827–1838 (2015)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  67. Piszczek, M., Szczawińska, J.: Hyperstability of the Drygas functional equation. J. Funct. Spaces Appl. (2013)

  68. Piszczek, M., Szczawińska, J.: Stability of the Drygas functional equation on restricted domain. Results Math. 68, 11–24 (2015)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  69. Popoviciu, T.: Sur certaines inégalités qui caractérisent les fonctions convexes. An. Ştiinţt. Univ. “Al. I. Cuza’’ Iaşi Secţ. I a Mat. (N.S.) 11, 155–164 (1965)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  70. Rassias, J.M.: On approximation of approximately linear mappings by linear mappings. J. Funct. Anal. 46, 126–130 (1982)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  71. Rassias, J.M.: On a new approximation of approximately linear mappings by linear mappings. Discuss. Math. 7, 193–196 (1985)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  72. Rassias, T.M.: On the stability of the linear mapping in Banach spaces. Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 72, 297–300 (1978)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  73. Rassias, T.M.: New characterizations of inner product spaces. Bull. Sci. Math. 108, 95–99 (1984)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  74. Shoikhet, D.: Linearizing models of Koenigs type and the asymptotic behavior of one-parameter semigroups. J. Math. Sci. (N.Y.) 153, 629–648 (2008)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  75. Smajdor, W.: Note on a Jensen type functional equation. Publ. Math. Debrecen. 63, 703–714 (2003)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  76. Székelyhidi, L.: Convolution Type Functional Equations on Topological Abelian Groups. World Scientific, Singapore (1991)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  77. Trappmann, H., Kouznetsov, D.: Uniqueness of holomorphic Abel functions at a complex fixed point pair. Aequat. Math. 81, 65–76 (2011)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  78. Trif, T.: Hyers–Ulam–Rassias stability of a Jensen type functional equation. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 250, 579–588 (2000)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  79. Trif, T.: On the stability of a functional equation deriving from an inequality of Popoviciu for convex functions. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 272, 604–616 (2002)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  80. Ulam, S.M.: Problems in Modern Mathematics, Chapter VI. Science Editions. Wiley, New York (1960)

    Google Scholar 

  81. Walorski, J.: On monotonic solutions of the Schröder equation in Banach spaces. Aequat. Math. 72, 1–9 (2006)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  82. Walorski, J.: On continuous and smooth solutions of the Schröder equation in normed spaces. Integral Eq. Oper. Th. 60, 597–600 (2008)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  83. Wilkinson, A.: The cohomological equation for partially hyperbolic diffeomorphisms. Astérisque 358, 75–165 (2013)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  84. Xu, B., Brzdęk, J., Zhang, W.: Fixed point results and the Hyers–Ulam stability of linear equations of higher orders. Pac. J. Math. 273 , 483–498 (2015)

  85. Zdun, M.C.: On the Schröder equation and iterative sequences of \(C^r\) diffeomorphisms in \({\mathbb{R} }^N\) space. Aequat. Math. 85, 1–15 (2013)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  86. Zhang, D.: On Hyperstability of generalised linear functional equations in several variables. Bull. Aust. Math. Soc. 92, 259–267 (2015)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  87. Zhang, D.: On Hyers–Ulam stability of generalized linear functional equation and its induced Hyers–Ulam programming problem. Aequat. Math. 90, 559–568 (2016)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to their Universities for their support.

Funding

Not applicable.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to El-sayed El-hady.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Benzarouala, C., Brzdęk, J., El-hady, Es. et al. On Ulam Stability of the Inhomogeneous Version of the General Linear Functional Equation. Results Math 78, 76 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00025-023-01840-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00025-023-01840-7

Keywords

Mathematics Subject Classification

Navigation