Stem Cell-Based Regenerative Therapies for Functional Endocrine System Organs: Tissue Engineering Applications and Future Strategies

Karabıyık Acar, Özge; Nozhatzadeh, Gülçin Delal; Kurtoglu, Nilsun; Aysan, Erhan

doi:10.1007/978-981-99-0846-2_20-1

Özge Karabıyık Acar²,
Gülçin Delal Nozhatzadeh^2,3,
Nilsun Kurtoglu⁴ &
…
Erhan Aysan⁵

68 Accesses

Abstract

The endocrine system is a complex network that controls and regulates essential physiological reactions in the human body through certain chemical messengers called hormones in response to a signal. This system consists of highly vascularized ductless endocrine organs, including the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, gonads, and pancreas. Hormones secreted into the bloodstream circulate as signaling molecules and have vital roles in maintaining homeostasis through cellular communication due to their overall effects on target cells via binding to specific receptors throughout the body. Recently, significant progress has been made in stem cell applications of endocrine system organs, with studies bringing together experts from different scientific backgrounds, such as developmental biologists, endocrinologists, and tissue engineers. Thanks to the basic research on the generation of endocrine system organs in embryonic development, the literature on the role of the stem/progenitor cells of endocrine organs in the organogenesis and self-renewal of these organs has expanded. In light of these improvements, scientists are developing different treatment approaches for various endocrine diseases, metabolic disorders, and damaged tissue/organ repair through stem cells obtained from different sources. This chapter will comprehensively discuss the recent advances and promising stem cell-based applications on endocrine system organs and evaluate their therapeutic and clinical potential.

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Abbreviations

3D:: Three dimensional
3β-HSD:: 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
5-ALA:: 5-aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride
ACTH:: Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
ADSCs:: Adipose-derived MSCs
AGP:: Adrenogonadal primordium
AP:: Anterior pituitary
BMMSCs:: Bone marrow-derived MSCs
BMP4:: Bone morphogenetic factor 4
Ca²⁺:: Ionized calcium
cAMP:: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
CaSR:: Calcium-sensing receptors
CCL21:: C-C motif chemokine ligand 21
CPH:: Congenital pituitary hypoplasia
Cxcr4:: C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4
CYC:: Cyclopamine-KAAD
CYP11A1:: Cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily A member 1
DAPT:: Dual-antiplatelet therapy
DAX-1:: Dosage-sensitive sex-reversal, adrenal hypoplasia congenital, X chromosome
EDS:: Ethane dimethane sulfonate
ESCs:: Embryonic stem cells
Ex4:: Exendin-4
EYA1:: Eyes absent homolog 1
FBS:: Fetal bovine serum
FGF:: Fibroblast growth factor
FOXE1:: Forkhead box E1
FSH:: Follicle-stimulating hormone
GCM2:: Glial cell missing-2
GFP:: Green fluorescent protein
GH:: Growth hormone
GO:: Graves’ ophthalmopathy
HbA1c:: Hemoglobin A1c
HHEX:: Hematopoietically-expressed homeobox protein
HRT:: Hormonal replacement therapy
HyperPTH:: Hyperparathyroidism
HypoPTH:: Hypoparathyroidism
IGF-1:: Insulin-like growth factor-1
IHC:: Immunohistochemistry
iPSCS:: Induced pluripotent stem cells
ISSCR:: International Society for Stem Cell Research
LC:: Leydig cells
LH:: Luteinizing hormone
LHR:: Luteinizing hormone receptor
MSCs:: Mesenchymal stem cells
MSH:: Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
NIS:: Na⁺/I⁻ symporter
NKX2-1:: NK2 homeobox 1
NKX6-1:: NK homeobox factor 6.1
OLCs:: Oocyte-like cells
OTX2:: Orthodenticle homeobox 2
PA:: Pituitary adenomas
PAX2:: Paired box 2
PAX8:: Paired box 8
PDGFR:: Platelet-derived growth factor
PDX-1:: Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1
PEC-01:: Pancreatic progenitor cell
PG:: Pituitary gland
PKC:: Protein kinase C
POF:: Premature ovarian failure
PP:: Posterior pituitary
PRL:: Prolactin
PSCs:: Pluripotent stem cells
PT:: Parathyroid
PTX:: Parathyroidectomy
RA:: Retinoic acid
ROS:: Reactive oxygen species
r-PTH:: Recombinant human PTH
Shh:: Sonic hedgehog
SIX1:: Sine oculis homeobox 1
SLC5A5:: Sodium/iodide cotransporter
SLCs:: Stem Leydig cells
Sox2:: SRY (sex-determining region Y)-box 2
T1D:: Type 1 diabetes
T2D:: Type 2 diabetes
T3:: Triiodothyronine
T4:: Thyroxine
TG:: Thyroglobulin
TMSCs:: Tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells
TPO:: Thyroid peroxidase
TSH:: Thyroid-stimulating hormone
TSHR:: Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor
TTF1:: Thyroid transcription factor 1
UCMSCs:: Umbilical cord-derived MSCs
WNT:: Wingless-INT1
WT1:: Wilms tumor protein homolog

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Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Istanbul Okan University, Istanbul, Turkey
Özge Karabıyık Acar & Gülçin Delal Nozhatzadeh
Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
Gülçin Delal Nozhatzadeh
School of Medicine, Acıbadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
Nilsun Kurtoglu
Department of General Surgery, Yeditepe University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
Erhan Aysan

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Özge Karabıyık Acar
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Khawaja H. Haider

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Khawaja Husnain Haider Ph.D
Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
Fabio Sallustio
MIRROR-Medical Institute for Regeneration, Repairing and Organ Replacement, Interdepartmental Center, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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Karabıyık Acar, Ö., Nozhatzadeh, G.D., Kurtoglu, N., Aysan, E. (2023). Stem Cell-Based Regenerative Therapies for Functional Endocrine System Organs: Tissue Engineering Applications and Future Strategies. In: Haider, K.H. (eds) Handbook of Stem Cell Applications. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0846-2_20-1

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0846-2_20-1
Received: 22 February 2023
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