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Epidemiology and Risk Factors of ARDS: How Many Is the Real Incidence of ARDS?

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Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

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Abstract

The incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) varies significantly from study to study, from 5.0 to 78.9 per 100,000 persons per year regardless of severity. Within each study, there is a trend toward higher incidence in less severe ARDS than more severe ARDS. Among patients admitted to ICU, 16–20% of patients under mechanical ventilation are diagnosed as ARDS.

ICU mortality among ARDS patients is between 30% and 49%, and hospital mortality is between 37% and 58% from data collected after the American–European Consensus Conference (AECC) definition. Some reports conclude that trends in mortality are declining, whereas some do that the mortality remains the same, at least after the AECC definition. The mortality of ARDS in randomized controlled studies is generally lower than that in observational studies. In this way, the epidemiology of ARDS is not relatively conclusive.

Risk factors for ARDS include pneumonia, sepsis, aspiration, and trauma as primary diseases; chronic alcohol abuse, cigarette smoking, air pollution, and hypoproteinemia as comorbidities. Interestingly, patients with diabetes have a lower risk of developing ARDS. Transfusion, especially from multiparous women, inadequate antimicrobial therapy, mechanical ventilation with injurious tidal volumes, and aspiration are hospital-based modifiable exposures. There is an interaction of factors as risk enhancement in the development of ARDS. Thus, evading as many risk factors as possible is essential when treating ARDS patients or those at risk.

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  1. Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan

    Kiyoyasu Kurahashi

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  1. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hirosaki University, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan

    Sadatomo Tasaka

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Kurahashi, K. (2022). Epidemiology and Risk Factors of ARDS: How Many Is the Real Incidence of ARDS?. In: Tasaka, S. (eds) Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Respiratory Disease Series: Diagnostic Tools and Disease Managements. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8371-8_2

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