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Noninvasive Electrical Brain Stimulation of the Central Nervous System

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Handbook of Neuroengineering

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Abstract

Noninvasive electrical brain stimulation of the central nervous system spans a broad range of devices and techniques that aim to change brain function with electrical current applied through electrodes on the surface of the body. The applications of such techniques span treatment of a wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders, healing of the nervous system after an injury, and experimental manipulations to study brain function. This chapter focuses on transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) which involves electrodes placed on the scalp with the goal of passing current through the skull and directly stimulate the cortex. tES itself is divided into subtechniques that are classified by the waveform applied and/or by the application of intended use. All tES devices share certain common features including a waveform generator and electrodes that are fully disposable or include a disposable component. The device applies the waveform to the electrodes through lead wires. tES “dose” is defined by the size and position of electrodes, and waveform includes the pattern, duration, and intensity of current. Versions of low-intensity tES include transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS). Impedance measurement is largely used to monitor acceptability of electrode-skin properties. Computational FEM models of current flow support device design and programming by informing how to select dose to produce a given outcome. The evidence for tES use across varied clinical applications, spanning treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders and neurorehabilitation following injury, as well as a tool to change cognition and behavior in healthy individuals is developing.

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Abbreviations

tES:

Transcranial electrical stimulation

tDCS:

Transcranial direct current stimulation

tACS:

Transcranial alternating current stimulation

ECT:

Electroconvulsive therapy

tRNS:

Transcranial random noise stimulation

tPCS:

Transcranial pulsed current stimulation

HD:

High definition

HD-tDCS:

High-definition tDCS

AC:

Alternating current

DC:

Direct current

CES:

Cranial electrotherapy stimulation

HD-tES:

High-definition tES

HD-tACS:

High-definition tACS

EEG:

Electroencephalogram

MHC:

Multilayer hydrogel composite

ADHD:

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

MDD:

Major depression disorder

DLPFC:

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

M1:

Primary motor cortex

CSF:

Cerebrospinal fluid

FEM:

Finite element method

NSR:

Nonsignificant risk

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

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Conflict of Interest

The City University of New York (CUNY) has IP on neurostimulation systems and methods with authors NK and MB as inventors. MB has equity in Soterix Medical. MB served on the advisory boards and/or consulted for Boston Scientific, Mecta, Halo Neuroscience, and GlaxoSmithKline Inc.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neuropsychiatry and Neuromodulation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Niranjan Khadka

  2. Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York of CUNY, New York, NY, USA

    Marom Bikson

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  1. Niranjan Khadka
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  2. Marom Bikson
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Correspondence to Marom Bikson .

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  1. Neuroengineering and Biomedical Instrumentation Laboratory Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Nitish V. Thakor

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Khadka, N., Bikson, M. (2023). Noninvasive Electrical Brain Stimulation of the Central Nervous System. In: Thakor, N.V. (eds) Handbook of Neuroengineering. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5540-1_59

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