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Conservation Agriculture Improves Soil Health: Major Research Findings from Bangladesh

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Conservation Agriculture: A Sustainable Approach for Soil Health and Food Security

Abstract

Agriculture in Bangladesh is subsistence-oriented, with traditional management practices still widespread. More recently, new management options have been introduced which have led to substantial improvements in national food and nutrition security as well as a decline in rural poverty. Globally, Bangladesh is the second largest consumer per capita of rice (about 200 kg year−1). Between 77% and 80% of the country’s arable land is used for rice-based crop production. Depending on local edaphic and hydrologic conditions, rice may be grown over three key cropping periods: aman (grown in the wet season and rainfed from monsoon rains); boro (grown in winter and fully irrigated); and aus (grown in spring largely using pre-monsoon rainfall). To meet the increasing food and nutrition demands of Bangladesh’s increasing population, farmers apply high doses of agrochemicals (e.g. fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides) without realizing the deleterious effect overapplication has in terms of depleting soil organic matter, increasing both macro- and micro-nutrient insufficiencies, increasing water-logging and/or poor drainage, and increases in soil salinity and acidity. In addition, intensive rice cultivation under irrigation is the greatest source of greenhouse gas emissions from cropland. In 2014, global greenhouse gas emissions from rice cultivation were 192 megatons. To mitigate the adverse effects on soil health of traditional intensive crop management, and also to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from food grain production, conservation agriculture has been proposed as a key tool to sustainably maintain or increase agricultural productivity and profitability while preserving or enhancing natural resources and the environment. Conservation agriculture is based on three principle strategies: minimal disturbance of soil; maintaining soil cover through the retention of crop residues and/or cover crops; and the use of crop rotations. This chapter explores how, in Bangladesh, conservation agriculture improves soil physical, biochemical and biological health, leading to improved cropping system productivity while minimizing environmental damage. We also examine key challenges and potential solutions to promote the wider expansion of conservation agriculture practices in the intensive rice-based cropping systems of South Asia, in particular in Bangladesh.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Bangladesh Wheat and Maize Research Institute (BWMRI), Dinajpur, Bangladesh

    Akbar Hossain

  2. Socioeconomics Program, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Mexico, D.F., Mexico

    Khondoker Abdul Mottaleb

  3. Department of Agronomy, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi, India

    Sagar Maitra

  4. Department of Agronomy, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India

    Biplab Mitra

  5. Soil Science Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Gazipur, Bangladesh

    Md. Khairul Alam

  6. International Rice Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Sharif Ahmed

  7. Department of Agronomy, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh

    Mst. Tanjina Islam

  8. Soil and Water Management Section, Horticulture Research Centre, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Gazipur, Joydebpur, Bangladesh

    Khokan Kumer Sarker

  9. Department of Agronomy, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya (BCKV), Nadia, West Bengal, India

    Sukamal Sarker

  10. School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia

    Apurbo K. Chaki

  11. Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur, Bangladesh

    Apurbo K. Chaki

  12. Farm Machinery and Postharvest Process Engineering (FMPE) Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur, Bangladesh

    Muhammad Arshadul Hoque

  13. Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia

    Milan Skalicky & Marian Brestic

  14. Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovak Republic

    Marian Brestic

  15. CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

    Alison M. Laing

Authors
  1. Akbar Hossain
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  2. Khondoker Abdul Mottaleb
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  3. Sagar Maitra
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  4. Biplab Mitra
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  5. Md. Khairul Alam
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  6. Sharif Ahmed
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  7. Mst. Tanjina Islam
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  8. Khokan Kumer Sarker
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  9. Sukamal Sarker
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  11. Muhammad Arshadul Hoque
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  12. Milan Skalicky
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  14. Alison M. Laing
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Soil Physics, ICAR-Indian Institute Soil Science, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

    Somasundaram Jayaraman

  2. School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

    Ram C. Dalal

  3. ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

    Ashok K. Patra

  4. DDG, Natural Resource Management, Indian Council of Agriculture Research, KAB-II, New Delhi, India

    Suresh K. Chaudhari

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Hossain, A. et al. (2021). Conservation Agriculture Improves Soil Health: Major Research Findings from Bangladesh. In: Jayaraman, S., Dalal, R.C., Patra, A.K., Chaudhari, S.K. (eds) Conservation Agriculture: A Sustainable Approach for Soil Health and Food Security . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0827-8_26

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