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Insights from mosquito evolution: Patterns, tempo and speciation

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Nature at Work: Ongoing Saga of Evolution

Abstract

A great deal of information has accumulated on chromosome morphology and evolution, heterochromatin distribution and differentiation, and molecular structure, organization and evolution of genomes in the mosquito family Culicidae. Whereas numerically the haploid chromosome number (n = 3) has remained virtually unchanged, extensive variation exists at different levels of genomic structure and organization. A number of trends in genome evolution emerge when these data are considered in light of cladistic phylogenies of Culicidae and its sister families. Anophelinae have heteromorphic sex chromosomes, a small genome size and repetitive elements are distributed in a long-period interspersion pattern. In contrast, Culicinae have homomorphic sex chromosomes and repetitive DNA is organized in a short-period interspersion pattern. There has been a general increase in genome size during the evolution of culicine taxa. The most likely hypothesis for the evolution of sex chromosomes and genome organization in Culicidae would be that homomorphic sex chromosomes and a long-period interspersion pattern are ancestral in lineages leading to Toxorhynchitinae and Culicinae. Larger genomes developed in subsequent culicine lineages through accumulation of short-period interspersed repetitive elements. Heteromorphic sex chromosomes evolved early in the evolution of Anophelinae and a long-period interspersion pattern was retained. An alternative route may be that Culicidae arose from a Chaoborid Mochlonyx-like ancestor with heteromorphic sex chromosomes and possibly short-period interspersion. This would require the loss of heteromorphic sex chromosomes in the lineage leading to Toxorhynchitinae and Culicinae and ‘shedding’ of repetitive elements in the lineage leading to Anophelinae. Several interesting patterns have emerged from studies of C-banding and the distribution of heterochromatin in Culicidae and phylogenies derived from these studies are supported by the modern cladistic analyses.

Intensive multi-point linkage map studies suggest that recombination frequencies/genome have remained relatively constant over the course of culicid evolution such that Anophelinae with relatively small genome size has a linkage map of similar size to Aedini. As a consequence, taxa in Anophelinae have a higher amount of recombination per haploid genome size than Culicinae. Undoubtedly, family Culicidae represents one of the best studied systems of genome evolution in animals, and to ascertain the mechanics of sympatric v/s allopatric speciation in closely related group of species.

Extensive variation in vector competence to arboviral and other pathogens exists within and between species. Although the genetic basis of susceptibility or refractoriness of mosquito populations to certain parasites has been known for more than half a century, the underlying molecular mechanisms controlling such differential expression have been resolved relatively recently. Apparently, arboviral susceptibility in mosquitoes is under polygenic control. However, major genes for susceptibility of mosquito vectors to malaria have been identified and mapped.

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  1. Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN, USA

    Karamjit Singh Rai

  2. Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Amritsar, India

    Karamjit Singh Rai

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  1. CRDT, IIT, Delhi, India

    Vinod P. Sharma

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Singh Rai, K. (2010). Insights from mosquito evolution: Patterns, tempo and speciation. In: Sharma, V.P. (eds) Nature at Work: Ongoing Saga of Evolution. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-8489-992-4_13

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