Abstract
Breast cancer is an exceedingly complex disease that is driven by multiple factors and aberrantly regulated pathways. Mounting evidence suggests that the aggressive nature of breast cancer is highly influenced by its microenvironment, called the tumor microenvironment (TME). Bidirectional cross talk between the cancer cells and the cells of the immune system helps in the reshaping of the TME into an immunosuppressive and pro-tumorigenic milieu through a process called tumor immunoediting. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the plasticity of TME have not been thoroughly explored. Recent studies have shown the participation of epigenetic dysregulation, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and ncRNA-mediated gene silencing, in the regulation of the plastic nature of the TME. Thus, in order to obtain a better clinical response, altering epigenetics in conjunction with immunotherapy may be a potential therapeutic strategy. This chapter reviews the role of various innate and adaptive immune cells in breast cancer TME and how epigenetics modifications drive this immunosuppression. We also summarize the effects of epigenetic modulators on the TME and the potential of these epigenetic modulators to improve the prognosis of breast cancer patients.
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Abbreviations
- ADCC:
-
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
- APCs :
-
Antigen-presenting cells
- CAFs:
-
Cancer-associated fibroblasts
- DCs:
-
Dendritic cells
- ECM:
-
Extracellular matrix
- EMT:
-
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition
- HCC:
-
Hepatocellular carcinoma
- MDSCs:
-
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- MHC-II:
-
Major histocompatibility complex class II
- snRNA:
-
Small nuclear ribonucleic acid RNA
- TAM:
-
Tumor-associated macrophage
- TGF-β:
-
Transforming growth factor-β
- TME:
-
Tumor microenvironment
- TNBC :
-
Triple-negative breast cancer
- VEGF :
-
Vascular endothelial growth factor
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Acknowledgments
BK and PM acknowledge research fellowships from the CSIR and UGC, Government of India, respectively. We thank the Director, CSIR-CFTRI, Mysore, India, for providing all the required facilities.
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The work was supported by CSIR-FIRST grant, MLP-0299.
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Kaur, B., Mondal, P., Meeran, S.M. (2023). Epigenetic Regulation in Breast Cancer Tumor Microenvironment. In: Kalkan, R. (eds) Cancer Epigenetics. Epigenetics and Human Health, vol 11. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42365-9_6
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