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Autophagy Mechanisms for Brain Recovery. Keep It Clean, Keep It Alive

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Neurobiological and Psychological Aspects of Brain Recovery

Part of the book series: Contemporary Clinical Neuroscience ((CCNE))

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Abstract

Most neurological pathologies that afflict humans are associated with the abnormal accumulation and aggregation of specific proteins into the cytoplasm and with mitochondrial dysfunction. Neuronal health is sustained by the fine regulation of protein synthesis and organelle biogenesis and their degradation to ensure efficient turnover. Autophagy is a powerful process for removing such proteins and for maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis. Thus, the autophagic activation may play important roles in neuronal cell survival and neuronal function under both physiological and pathological conditions.

It is well accepted that the loss of basal autophagy or imbalance of autophagic flux leads to neuronal death. Autophagosomes accumulate abnormally in affected neurons of several neurodegenerative diseases such as AD, HD, PD, as well as brain and spinal cord trauma. Thus, knowledge of crosstalk between autophagy impairment and pathophysiological mechanisms is a prerequisite for successful therapeutic interventions in neurological disorders.

This chapter summarizes the most up-to-date studies of whether autophagy perturbations affect neuronal function contributing to neurodegeneration in chronic and acute brain pathologies.

Equal first authors: Annalisa Nobili, Livia La Barbera

Equal last authors: Marcello D’Amelio, Maria Teresa Viscomi

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Abbreviations

3-MA:

3-methyladenine

AD:

Alzheimer’s disease

ASD:

Autism spectrum disorders

ATG:

Autophagy-related proteins

AVs:

Autophagic vacuoles

Aβ:

Amyloid-β

CCI:

Controlled cortical impact

CNS:

Central Nervous System

CSF:

Cerebrospinal fluid

ER:

Endoplasmic reticulum

FPI:

Fluid-percussion injury

FXS:

Fragile X syndrome

HCb:

Hemicerebellectomy

HD:

Huntington’s disease

KO:

Knockout

MCI:

Amnestic mild cognitive impairment

mTOR:

Mammalian target of rapamycin

mTORC1:

mTOR complex 1

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SCI:

Spinal cord injury

SNpc:

Substantia nigra pars compacta

SVZ:

Subventricular zone

TBI:

Traumatic brain injury

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by Linea D1 2020-21 Università Cattolica del S. Cuore (to M.T.V.), by American Alzheimer’s Association (AARG-18-566270 to M.D.A), by the Italian Ministry of Health (Research Grant: RF-2018 -12365527 to M.D.A and M.T.V.) and by Fondazione Roma (Rome, Italy to M.D.A.). L.L.B. was supported by an under-40 grant from the Italian Association for Alzheimer’s Research (AIRALZH-AGYR2021) and by the grant “University Strategic Projects – Young Researcher Scientific Independence” from the University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome (Rome, Italy).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. I.R.C.C.S. Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy

    Annalisa Nobili, Livia La Barbera, Marco Molinari & Marcello D’Amelio

  2. University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy

    Annalisa Nobili, Livia La Barbera & Marcello D’Amelio

  3. Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, Department of Life Science and Public Health, Section of Histology and Embryology, Rome, Italy

    Roberta Mastrantonio, Claudia Palazzo & Maria Teresa Viscomi

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  1. Annalisa Nobili
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Correspondence to Maria Teresa Viscomi .

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  1. Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy

    Laura Petrosini

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Nobili, A. et al. (2023). Autophagy Mechanisms for Brain Recovery. Keep It Clean, Keep It Alive. In: Petrosini, L. (eds) Neurobiological and Psychological Aspects of Brain Recovery. Contemporary Clinical Neuroscience. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24930-3_2

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