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Autophagy Mechanisms for Brain Recovery. Keep It Clean, Keep It Alive

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Neurobiological and Psychological Aspects of Brain Recovery

Part of the book series: Contemporary Clinical Neuroscience ((CCNE))

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Abstract

Most neurological pathologies that afflict humans are associated with the abnormal accumulation and aggregation of specific proteins into the cytoplasm and with mitochondrial dysfunction. Neuronal health is sustained by the fine regulation of protein synthesis and organelle biogenesis and their degradation to ensure efficient turnover. Autophagy is a powerful process for removing such proteins and for maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis. Thus, the autophagic activation may play important roles in neuronal cell survival and neuronal function under both physiological and pathological conditions. It is well accepted that the loss of basal autophagy or imbalance of autophagic flux leads to neuronal death. Autophagosomes accumulate abnormally in affected neurons of several neurodegenerative diseases such as AD, HD, PD, as well as in brain and spinal cord trauma. Thus, knowledge of cross-talk between autophagy impairment and pathophysiological mechanisms is a prerequisite for successful therapeutic interventions in neurological disorders. This chapter summarizes current understanding of how autophagy perturbations may affect neuronal function contributing to neurodegeneration in chronic and acute brain pathologies.

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Abbreviations

AD:

Alzheimer’s disease

AVs:

Autophagic vacuoles

Atg:

Autophagy-related proteins

CNS:

Central nervous system

ER:

Endoplasmic reticulum

HCb:

Hemicerebellectomy

HD:

Huntington’s disease

Ko:

Knockout

mTOR:

Mammalian target of rapamycin

mTORC1:

MTOR complex 1

3-MA:

3-methyladenine

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

SCI:

Spinal cord injury

SVZ:

Subventricular zone

TBI:

Traumatic brain injury

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente—MM), by International Foundation for Research in Paraplegia (IFP) (M.T.V.) and by program Young Researchers of Italian Ministry of Health (GR10. 184; M.T.V. and GR11.026; MDA).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Experimental Neurorehabilitation, I.R.C.C.S. Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 65, 00143, Rome, Italy

    Maria Teresa Viscomi, Marcello D’Amelio, Annalisa Nobili, Virve Cavallucci, Laura Latini, Elisa Bisicchia, Valeria Sasso & Marco Molinari

  2. University Campus Bio-Medico, via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128, Rome, Italy

    Marcello D’Amelio & Annalisa Nobili

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  1. Maria Teresa Viscomi
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  2. Marcello D’Amelio
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  6. Elisa Bisicchia
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Correspondence to Maria Teresa Viscomi or Marcello D’Amelio .

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  1. Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

    Laura Petrosini

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Viscomi, M.T. et al. (2017). Autophagy Mechanisms for Brain Recovery. Keep It Clean, Keep It Alive. In: Petrosini, L. (eds) Neurobiological and Psychological Aspects of Brain Recovery. Contemporary Clinical Neuroscience. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52067-4_2

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