Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Infliximab Therapy for Pediatric Crohn Disease and Ulcerative Colitis

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease

  • 679 Accesses

Abstract

The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), including Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis, are chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract most often diagnosed in adolescence and young adulthood, with a rising incidence in the younger (<10 years old) pediatric population. The goals of therapy of IBD in children consist of eliminating gastrointestinal symptoms, normalizing quality of life, restoring growth, and preventing complications while minimizing the adverse effects of medications. These goals are often not achieved with previous therapeutic strategies (corticosteroids, 5-aminosalicylates, and immunomodulators), with use of biologics (such as anti-TNF agents), increasingly prescribed as first-line therapy for Crohn disease and a second-line option for ulcerative colitis. Infliximab was the first anti-TNF agent to be approved for treatment of IBD. Anti-TNF use, however, must be tempered with recognition of potential side effects and a high yearly loss of response. Emerging strategies to minimize loss of response with an optimized dosing approach guided by therapeutic drug monitoring are being employed to maintain long-term remission with these medications.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Burnham JM, Shults J, Semeao E, Foster BJ, Zemel BS, Stallings VA, et al. Body-composition alterations consistent with cachexia in children and young adults with Crohn disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82(2):413–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Markowitz J, Hyams J, Mack D, Leleiko N, Evans J, Kugathasan S, et al. Corticosteroid therapy in the age of infliximab: acute and 1-year outcomes in newly diagnosed children with Crohn’s disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4(9):1124–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Hyams J, Markowitz J, Lerer T, Griffiths A, Mack D, Bousvaros A, et al. The natural history of corticosteroid therapy for ulcerative colitis in children. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4(9):1118–23.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Munkholm P, Langholz E, Davidsen M, Binder V. Frequency of glucocorticoid resistance and dependency in Crohn’s disease. Gut. 1994;35(3):360–2.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Faubion WA Jr, Loftus EV Jr, Harmsen WS, Zinsmeister AR, Sandborn WJ. The natural history of corticosteroid therapy for inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study. Gastroenterology. 2001;121(2):255–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Colman RJ, Lawton RC, Dubinsky MC, Rubin DT. Methotrexate for the treatment of pediatric Crohn’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2018;24(10):2135–41.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Markowitz J, Grancher K, Kohn N, Lesser M, Daum F. A multicenter trial of 6-mercaptopurine and prednisone in children with newly diagnosed Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 2000;119(4):895–902.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Sunseri W, Hyams JS, Lerer T, Mack DR, Griffiths AM, Otley AR, et al. Retrospective cohort study of methotrexate use in the treatment of pediatric Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014;20(8):1341–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Hyams JS, Lerer T, Mack D, Bousvaros A, Griffiths A, Rosh J, et al. Outcome following thiopurine use in children with ulcerative colitis: a prospective multicenter registry study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106(5):981–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Dassopoulos T, Sultan S, Falck-Ytter YT, Inadomi JM, Hanauer SB. American Gastroenterological Association Institute technical review on the use of thiopurines, methotrexate, and anti-TNF-α biologic drugs for the induction and maintenance of remission in inflammatory Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 2013;145(6):1464–78.e1-5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Heuschkel R, Salvestrini C, Beattie RM, Hildebrand H, Walters T, Griffiths A. Guidelines for the management of growth failure in childhood inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008;14(6):839–49.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Borrelli O, Cordischi L, Cirulli M, Paganelli M, Labalestra V, Uccini S, et al. Polymeric diet alone versus corticosteroids in the treatment of active pediatric Crohn’s disease: a randomized controlled open-label trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4(6):744–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Griffiths AM, Ohlsson A, Sherman PM, Sutherland LR. Meta-analysis of enteral nutrition as a primary treatment of active Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 1995;108(4):1056–67.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Reinecker HC, Steffen M, Witthoeft T, Pflueger I, Schreiber S, MacDermott RP, et al. Enhanced secretion of tumour necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6, and IL-1 beta by isolated lamina propria mononuclear cells from patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Clin Exp Immunol. 1993;94(1):174–81.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Nicholls S, Stephens S, Braegger CP, Walker-Smith JA, MacDonald TT. Cytokines in stools of children with inflammatory bowel disease or infective diarrhoea. J Clin Pathol. 1993;46(8):757–60.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Breese EJ, Michie CA, Nicholls SW, Murch SH, Williams CB, Domizio P, et al. Tumor necrosis factor alpha-producing cells in the intestinal mucosa of children with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 1994;106(6):1455–66.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Cornillie F, Shealy D, D’Haens G, Geboes K, Van Assche G, Ceuppens J, et al. Infliximab induces potent anti-inflammatory and local immunomodulatory activity but no systemic immune suppression in patients with Crohn’s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2001;15(4):463–73.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Lügering A, Schmidt M, Lügering N, Pauels HG, Domschke W, Kucharzik T. Infliximab induces apoptosis in monocytes from patients with chronic active Crohn’s disease by using a caspase-dependent pathway. Gastroenterology. 2001;121(5):1145–57.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. ten Hove T, van Montfrans C, Peppelenbosch MP, van Deventer SJ. Infliximab treatment induces apoptosis of lamina propria T lymphocytes in Crohn’s disease. Gut. 2002;50(2):206–11.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Van den Brande JM, Braat H, van den Brink GR, Versteeg HH, Bauer CA, Hoedemaeker I, et al. Infliximab but not etanercept induces apoptosis in lamina propria T-lymphocytes from patients with Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 2003;124(7):1774–85.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Shen C, Maerten P, Geboes K, Van Assche G, Rutgeerts P, Ceuppens JL. Infliximab induces apoptosis of monocytes and T lymphocytes in a human-mouse chimeric model. Clin Immunol. 2005;115(3):250–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Scallon BJ, Moore MA, Trinh H, Knight DM, Ghrayeb J. Chimeric anti-TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody cA2 binds recombinant transmembrane TNF-alpha and activates immune effector functions. Cytokine. 1995;7(3):251–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Abraham C, Cho JH. Inflammatory bowel disease. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(21):2066–78.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Targan SR, Hanauer SB, van Deventer SJ, Mayer L, Present DH, Braakman T, et al. A short-term study of chimeric monoclonal antibody cA2 to tumor necrosis factor alpha for Crohn’s disease. Crohn’s Disease cA2 Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(15):1029–35.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Hanauer SB, Feagan BG, Lichtenstein GR, Mayer LF, Schreiber S, Colombel JF, et al. Maintenance infliximab for Crohn’s disease: the ACCENT I randomised trial. Lancet. 2002;359(9317):1541–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Kugathasan S, Werlin SL, Martinez A, Rivera MT, Heikenen JB, Binion DG. Prolonged duration of response to infliximab in early but not late pediatric Crohn’s disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95(11):3189–94.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Baldassano R, Braegger CP, Escher JC, DeWoody K, Hendricks DF, Keenan GF, et al. Infliximab (REMICADE) therapy in the treatment of pediatric Crohn’s disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98(4):833–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Hyams J, Crandall W, Kugathasan S, Griffiths A, Olson A, Johanns J, et al. Induction and maintenance infliximab therapy for the treatment of moderate-to-severe Crohn’s disease in children. Gastroenterology. 2007;132(3):863–73. quiz 1165-6

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Kotlyar DS, Osterman MT, Diamond RH, Porter D, Blonski WC, Wasik M, et al. A systematic review of factors that contribute to hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;9(1):36–41.e1.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Hyams JS, Dubinsky MC, Baldassano RN, Colletti RB, Cucchiara S, Escher J, et al. Infliximab is not associated with increased risk of malignancy or hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(8):1901–14.e3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Feagan BG, McDonald JW, Panaccione R, Enns RA, Bernstein CN, Ponich TP, et al. Methotrexate in combination with infliximab is no more effective than infliximab alone in patients with Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 2014;146(3):681–8 e1.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Akobeng AK, Zhang D, Gordon M, MacDonald JK. Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for maintenance of medically-induced remission in Crohn’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;9:CD003715.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Colombel JF, Sandborn WJ, Reinisch W, Mantzaris GJ, Kornbluth A, Rachmilewitz D, et al. Infliximab, azathioprine, or combination therapy for Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(15):1383–95.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Walters TD, Kim MO, Denson LA, Griffiths AM, Dubinsky M, Markowitz J, et al. Increased effectiveness of early therapy with anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha vs an immunomodulator in children with Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 2014;146(2):383–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Kugathasan S, Denson LA, Walters TD, Kim MO, Marigorta UM, Schirmer M, et al. Prediction of complicated disease course for children newly diagnosed with Crohn’s disease: a multicentre inception cohort study. Lancet. 2017;389(10080):1710–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Church PC, Ho S, Sharma A, Tomalty D, Frost K, Muise A, et al. Intensified infliximab induction is associated with improved response and decreased colectomy in steroid-refractory paediatric ulcerative colitis. J Crohns Colitis’. 2019;13(8):982–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Cozijnsen MA, van Pieterson M, Samsom JN, Escher JC, de Ridder L. Top-down infliximab study in Kids with Crohn’s disease (TISKids): an international multicentre randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open Gastroenterol. 2016;3(1):e000123.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Jongsma M, Aardoom M, Cozijnsen M, van Pieterson M, de Meij T, Norbruis OF, et al. 947 Top-down infliximab superior to step-up in children with moderate-to-severe Crohn’s disease - a multicenter randomized trial. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(6):S-193.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Church PC, Hyams J, Ruemmele F, de Ridder L, Turner D, Griffiths AM. The continental divide: anti-TNF use in pediatric IBD is different in North America compared to other parts of the world. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;2018:3190548.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Colombel JF, Adedokun OJ, Gasink C, Gao LL, Cornillie FJ, D’Haens GR, et al. Combination therapy with infliximab and azathioprine improves infliximab pharmacokinetic features and efficacy: a post hoc analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;17(8):1525–32.e1.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Grossi V, Lerer T, Griffiths A, LeLeiko N, Cabrera J, Otley A, et al. Concomitant use of immunomodulators affects the durability of infliximab therapy in children with Crohn’s disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13(10):1748–56.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Colman RJ, Portocarrero-Castillo A, Chona D, Hellmann J, Minar P, Rosen MJ. Favorable outcomes and anti-TNF durability after addition of an immunomodulator for anti-drug antibodies in pediatric IBD patients. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2020;

    Google Scholar 

  43. Zubin G, Peter L. Predicting endoscopic Crohn’s disease activity before and after induction therapy in children: a comprehensive assessment of PCDAI, CRP, and fecal calprotectin. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2015;21(6):1386–91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Colombel JF, Panaccione R, Bossuyt P, Lukas M, Baert F, Vanasek T, et al. Effect of tight control management on Crohn’s disease (CALM): a multicentre, randomised, controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2018;390(10114):2779–89.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Khanna R, Sattin BD, Afif W, Benchimol EI, Bernard EJ, Bitton A, et al. Review article: a clinician’s guide for therapeutic drug monitoring of infliximab in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013;38(5):447–59.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Minar P, Saeed SA, Afreen M, Kim MO, Denson LA. Practical use of infliximab concentration monitoring in Pediatric Crohn’s disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2015;

    Google Scholar 

  47. Paul S, Del Tedesco E, Marotte H, Rinaudo-Gaujous M, Moreau A, Phelip JM, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of infliximab and mucosal healing in inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19(12):2568–76.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Vande Casteele N, Ferrante M, Van Assche G, Ballet V, Compernolle G, Van Steen K, et al. Trough concentrations of infliximab guide dosing for patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2015;148(7):1320–9.e3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Brandse JF, van den Brink GR, Wildenberg ME, van der Kleij D, Rispens T, Jansen JM, et al. Loss of infliximab into feces is associated with lack of response to therapy in patients with severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2015;149(2):350–5 e2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Afif W, Loftus EV Jr, Faubion WA, Kane SV, Bruining DH, Hanson KA, et al. Clinical utility of measuring infliximab and human anti-chimeric antibody concentrations in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105(5):1133–9.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Dubinsky MC, Lamothe S, Yang HY, Targan SR, Sinnett D, Theoret Y, et al. Pharmacogenomics and metabolite measurement for 6-mercaptopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2000;118(4):705–13.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Singh N, Rosenthal CJ, Melmed GY, Mirocha J, Farrior S, Callejas S, et al. Early infliximab trough levels are associated with persistent remission in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014;20(10):1708–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Vaughn BP, Martinez-Vazquez M, Patwardhan VR, Moss AC, Sandborn WJ, Cheifetz AS. Proactive therapeutic concentration monitoring of infliximab may improve outcomes for patients with inflammatory bowel disease: results from a pilot observational study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014;20(11):1996–2003.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Assa A, Matar M, Turner D, Broide E, Weiss B, Ledder O, et al. Proactive monitoring of adalimumab trough concentration associated with increased clinical remission in children with Crohn’s disease compared with reactive monitoring. Gastroenterology. 2019;157(4):985–96 e2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Ungar B, Levy I, Yavne Y, Yavzori M, Picard O, Fudim E, et al. Optimizing anti-TNF-α therapy: serum levels of infliximab and adalimumab are associated with mucosal healing in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14(4):550–7.e2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. El-Matary W, Walters TD, Huynh HQ, deBruyn J, Mack DR, Jacobson K, et al. Higher postinduction infliximab serum trough levels are associated with healing of fistulizing perianal Crohn’s disease in children. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2019;25(1):150–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Kennedy NA, Heap GA, Green HD, Hamilton B, Bewshea C, Walker GJ, et al. Predictors of anti-TNF treatment failure in anti-TNF-naive patients with active luminal Crohn’s disease: a prospective, multicentre, cohort study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;4(5):341–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Clarkston K, Tsai YT, Jackson K, Rosen MJ, Denson LA, Minar P. Development of infliximab target concentrations during induction in Pediatric Crohn disease patients. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2019;69(1):68–74.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Rosen MJ, Minar P, Vinks AA. Review article: applying pharmacokinetics to optimise dosing of anti-TNF biologics in acute severe ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015;41(11):1094–103.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Bauman LE, Xiong Y, Mizuno T, Minar P, Fukuda T, Dong M, et al. Improved population pharmacokinetic model for predicting optimized infliximab exposure in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2020;26(3):429–39.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Papamichael K, Vajravelu RK, Vaughn BP, Osterman MT, Cheifetz AS. Proactive infliximab monitoring following reactive testing is associated with better clinical outcomes than reactive testing alone in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis’. 2018;12(7):804–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Lyles JL, Mulgund AA, Bauman LE, Su W, Fei L, Chona DL, et al. Effect of a practice-wide anti-TNF proactive therapeutic drug monitoring program on outcomes in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2020;

    Google Scholar 

  63. D’Haens G, Vermeire S, Lambrecht G, Baert F, Bossuyt P, Pariente B, et al. Increasing infliximab dose based on symptoms, biomarkers, and serum drug concentrations does not increase clinical, endoscopic, and corticosteroid-free remission in patients with active luminal Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 2018;154(5):1343–51.e1.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Bossuyt P, Dreesen E, Rimola J, Devuysere S, De Bruecker Y, Vanslembrouck R, et al. Infliximab exposure associates with radiologic evidence of healing in patients with Crohn’s disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Dreesen E, Baert F, Laharie D, Bossuyt P, Bouhnik Y, Buisson A, et al. Monitoring a combination of calprotectin and infliximab identifies patients with mucosal healing of Crohn’s disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;18(3):637–46.e11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Clarkston K, Tsai YT, Jackson K, Rosen MJ, Denson LA, Minar P. Development of infliximab target concentrations during induction in pediatric Crohn’s disease patients. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2019;

    Google Scholar 

  67. van Rheenen PF, Aloi M, Assa A, Bronsky J, Escher JC, Fagerberg UL, et al. The medical management of paediatric Crohn’s disease: an ECCO-ESPGHAN guideline update. J Crohns Colitis. 2020;

    Google Scholar 

  68. Frymoyer A, Piester TL, Park KT. Infliximab dosing strategies and predicted trough exposure in children with Crohn disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2016;62(5):723–7.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Dubinsky MC, Phan BL, Singh N, Rabizadeh S, Mould DR. Pharmacokinetic dashboard-recommended dosing is different than standard of care dosing in infliximab-treated pediatric IBD patients. AAPS J. 2017;19(1):215–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Fasanmade AA, Adedokun OJ, Blank M, Zhou H, Davis HM. Pharmacokinetic properties of infliximab in children and adults with Crohn’s disease: a retrospective analysis of data from 2 phase III clinical trials. Clin Ther. 2011;33(7):946–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Fasanmade AA, Adedokun OJ, Olson A, Strauss R, Davis HM. Serum albumin concentration: a predictive factor of infliximab pharmacokinetics and clinical response in patients with ulcerative colitis. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2010;48(5):297–308.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Winter DA, Joosse ME, de Wildt SN, Taminiau J, de Ridder L, Escher JC. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and immunogenicity of infliximab in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and revised dosing considerations. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2020;70(6):763–76.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Jongsma MME, Winter DA, Huynh HQ, Norsa L, Hussey S, Kolho KL, et al. Infliximab in young paediatric IBD patients: it is all about the dosing. Eur J Pediatr. 2020;

    Google Scholar 

  74. Mould DR, Dubinsky MC. Dashboard systems: pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic mediated dose optimization for monoclonal antibodies. J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;55(Suppl 3):S51–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Xiong Y, Mizuno T, Colman R, Hyams J, Noe JD, Boyle B, et al. Real-world infliximab pharmacokinetic study informs an electronic health record-embedded dashboard to guide precision dosing in children with Crohn’s disease. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2021;109(6):1639–47.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Strik A, Berends S, Mould D, Mathôt R, Ponsioen C, van den Brande J, et al. DOP56 dashboard driven vs. conventional dosing of infliximab in inflammatory bowel disease patients: the PRECISION trial. J Crohn’s Colitis’. 2019;13(Supplement_1):S063-S.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Ruemmele FM, Veres G, Kolho KL, Griffiths A, Levine A, Escher JC, et al. Consensus guidelines of ECCO/ESPGHAN on the medical management of pediatric Crohn’s disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2014;8(10):1179–207.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Colman RJ, Tsai YT, Jackson K, Boyle BM, Noe JD, Hyams JS, et al. Achieving target infliximab drug concentrations improves blood and Fecal neutrophil biomarkers in Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2020;

    Google Scholar 

  79. Baert F, Noman M, Vermeire S, Van Assche G, D’Haens G, Carbonez A, et al. Influence of immunogenicity on the long-term efficacy of infliximab in Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(7):601–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Wang Y, Jadhav PR, Lala M, Gobburu JV. Clarification on precision criteria to derive sample size when designing pediatric pharmacokinetic studies. J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;52(10):1601–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Steenholdt C, Ainsworth MA, Tovey M, Klausen TW, Thomsen OO, Brynskov J, et al. Comparison of techniques for monitoring infliximab and antibodies against infliximab in Crohn’s disease. Ther Drug Monit. 2013;35(4):530–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Marini JC, Sendecki J, Cornillie F, Popp JW Jr, Black S, Blank M, et al. Comparisons of serum infliximab and antibodies-to-infliximab tests used in inflammatory bowel disease clinical trials of remicade(R). AAPS J. 2017;19(1):161–71.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Zijlstra M, Jongsma MME, de Vries A, Schaap T, Bloem K, de Ridder L. Infliximab level between venous and capillary blood using novel device strongly correlate in paediatric IBD patients. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2020;

    Google Scholar 

  84. Makowiec F, Jehle EC, Köveker G, Becker HD, Starlinger M. Intestinal stenosis and perforating complications in Crohn’s disease. Int J Color Dis. 1993;8(4):197–200.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Frolkis AD, Dykeman J, Negrón ME, Debruyn J, Jette N, Fiest KM, et al. Risk of surgery for inflammatory bowel diseases has decreased over time: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies. Gastroenterology. 2013;145(5):996–1006.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Gupta N, Cohen SA, Bostrom AG, Kirschner BS, Baldassano RN, Winter HS, et al. Risk factors for initial surgery in pediatric patients with Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 2006;130(4):1069–77.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Park KT, Sin A, Wu M, Bass D, Bhattacharya J. Utilization trends of anti-TNF agents and health outcomes in adults and children with inflammatory bowel diseases: a single-center experience. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014;20(7):1242–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Hansen LF, Jakobsen C, Paerregaard A, Qvist N, Wewer V. Surgery and postoperative recurrence in children with Crohn disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2015;60(3):347–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Regueiro M, Schraut W, Baidoo L, Kip KE, Sepulveda AR, Pesci M, et al. Infliximab prevents Crohn’s disease recurrence after ileal resection. Gastroenterology. 2009;136(2):441–50 e1; quiz 716.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Regueiro M, Feagan BG, Zou B, Johanns J, Blank MA, Chevrier M, et al. Infliximab reduces endoscopic, but not clinical, recurrence of Crohn’s disease after ileocolonic resection. Gastroenterology. 2016;150(7):1568–78.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Akiho H, Yokoyama A, Abe S, Nakazono Y, Murakami M, Otsuka Y, et al. Promising biological therapies for ulcerative colitis: a review of the literature. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2015;6(4):219–27.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  92. Rutgeerts P, Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Reinisch W, Olson A, Johanns J, et al. Infliximab for induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(23):2462–76.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. McGinnis JK, Murray KF. Infliximab for ulcerative colitis in children and adolescents. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008;42(8):875–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Fanjiang G, Russell GH, Katz AJ. Short- and long-term response to and weaning from infliximab therapy in pediatric ulcerative colitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007;44(3):312–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Kugathasan S, Prajapati D, Kim J, Saeian K, Emmons J, Knox J, et al., editors. Infliximab outcome in children and adults with ulcerative colitis. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2002, Gastroenterology.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Russell GH, Katz AJ. Infliximab is effective in acute but not chronic childhood ulcerative colitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004;39(2):166–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Hyams JS, Lerer T, Griffiths A, Pfefferkorn M, Stephens M, Evans J, et al. Outcome following infliximab therapy in children with ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105(6):1430–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Hyams J, Damaraju L, Blank M, Johanns J, Guzzo C, Winter HS, et al. Induction and maintenance therapy with infliximab for children with moderate to severe ulcerative colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;10(4):391–9. e1

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Turner D, Mack D, Leleiko N, Walters TD, Uusoue K, Leach ST, et al. Severe pediatric ulcerative colitis: a prospective multicenter study of outcomes and predictors of response. Gastroenterology. 2010;138(7):2282–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Taxonera C, Barreiro-de Acosta M, Calvo M, Saro C, Bastida G, Martín-Arranz MD, et al. Infliximab dose escalation as an effective strategy for managing secondary loss of response in ulcerative colitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2015;60(10):3075–84.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Falaiye TO, Mitchell KR, Lu Z, Saville BR, Horst SN, Moulton DE, et al. Outcomes following infliximab therapy for pediatric patients hospitalized with refractory colitis-predominant IBD. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014;58(2):213–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Huang VW, Prosser C, Kroeker KI, Wang H, Shalapay C, Dhami N, et al. Knowledge of fecal calprotectin and infliximab trough levels alters clinical decision-making for IBD outpatients on maintenance infliximab therapy. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2015;21(6):1359–67.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Joosse ME, Samsom JN, van der Woude CJ, Escher JC, van Gelder T. The role of therapeutic drug monitoring of anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha agents in children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2015;21(9):2214–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Papamichael K, Van Stappen T, Vande Casteele N, Gils A, Billiet T, Tops S, et al. Infliximab concentration thresholds during induction therapy are associated with short-term mucosal healing in patients with ulcerative colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14(4):543–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Colombel JF, Rutgeerts P, Reinisch W, Esser D, Wang Y, Lang Y, et al. Early mucosal healing with infliximab is associated with improved long-term clinical outcomes in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2011;141(4):1194–201.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Ihekweazu FD, Fofanova T, Palacios R, Ajjarapu A, Karam L, Vogel AM, et al. Progression to colectomy in the era of biologics: a single center experience with pediatric ulcerative colitis. J Pediatr Surg. 2020;55(9):1815–23.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  107. Battat R, Hemperly A, Truong S, Whitmire N, Boland BS, Dulai PS, et al. Baseline clearance of infliximab is associated with requirement for colectomy in patients with acute severe ulcerative colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Weise M, Bielsky M-C, De Smet K, Ehmann F, Ekman N, Narayanan G, et al. Biosimilars—why terminology matters. Nat Biotechnol. 2011;29(8):690–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Jørgensen KK, Olsen IC, Goll GL, Lorentzen M, Bolstad N, Haavardsholm EA, et al. Switching from originator infliximab to biosimilar CT-P13 compared with maintained treatment with originator infliximab (NOR-SWITCH): a 52-week, randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. Lancet (London, England). 2017;389(10086):2304–16.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Sieczkowska J, Jarzębicka D, Banaszkiewicz A, Plocek A, Gawronska A, Toporowska-Kowalska E, et al. Switching between infliximab originator and biosimilar in paediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Preliminary observations. J Crohns Colitis. 2016;10(2):127–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Sieczkowska-Golub J, Meglicka M, Plocek A, Banaszkiewicz A, Jarzebicka D, Toporowska-Kowalska E, et al. Induction therapy with biosimilar infliximab in children with Crohn disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017;65(3):285–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Chanchlani N, Mortier K, Williams LJ, Muhammed R, Auth MKH, Cosgrove M, et al. Use of infliximab biosimilar versus originator in a pediatric United Kingdom inflammatory bowel disease induction cohort. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2018;67(4):513–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Gervais L, McLean LL, Wilson ML, Cameron C, Curtis L, Garrick V, et al. Switching from originator to biosimilar infliximab in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease is feasible and uneventful. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2018;67(6):745–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Razanskaite V, Bettey M, Downey L, Wright J, Callaghan J, Rush M, et al. Biosimilar infliximab in inflammatory bowel disease: outcomes of a managed switching programme. J Crohns Colitis. 2017;11(6):690–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. de Ridder L, Assa A, Bronsky J, Romano C, Russell RK, Afzal NA, et al. Use of biosimilars in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: an updated position statement of the pediatric IBD Porto Group of ESPGHAN. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2019;68(1):144–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. van Hoeve K, Dreesen E, Hoffman I, Van Assche G, Ferrante M, Gils A, et al. Efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and immunogenicity is not affected by switching from infliximab originator to a biosimilar in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Ther Drug Monit. 2019;41(3):317–24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Lichtenstein GR, Diamond RH, Wagner CL, Fasanmade AA, Olson AD, Marano CW, et al. Clinical trial: benefits and risks of immunomodulators and maintenance infliximab for IBD-subgroup analyses across four randomized trials. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009;30(3):210–26.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Rutgeerts P, Feagan BG, Lichtenstein GR, Mayer LF, Schreiber S, Colombel JF, et al. Comparison of scheduled and episodic treatment strategies of infliximab in Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 2004;126(2):402–13.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Baert F, Drobne D, Gils A, Vande Casteele N, Hauenstein S, Singh S, et al. Early trough levels and antibodies to infliximab predict safety and success of reinitiation of infliximab therapy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12(9):1474–81.e2; quiz e91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Friesen CA, Calabro C, Christenson K, Carpenter E, Welchert E, Daniel JF, et al. Safety of infliximab treatment in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004;39(3):265–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Turner D. Severe acute ulcerative colitis: the pediatric perspective. Dig Dis. 2009;27(3):322–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Shapiro JM, Subedi S, Machan JT, Cerezo CS, Ross AM, Shalon LB, et al. Durability of infliximab is associated with disease extent in children with inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2016;62(6):867–72.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Lichtenstein L, Ron Y, Kivity S, Ben-Horin S, Israeli E, Fraser GM, et al. Infliximab-related infusion reactions: systematic review. J Crohns Colitis. 2015;9(9):806–15.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  124. Adler J, Sandberg KC, Shpeen BH, Eder SJ, Dhanani M, Clark SJ, et al. Variation in infliximab administration practices in the treatment of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013;57(1):35–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Vermeire S, Noman M, Van Assche G, Baert F, Van Steen K, Esters N, et al. Autoimmunity associated with anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha treatment in Crohn’s disease: a prospective cohort study. Gastroenterology. 2003;125(1):32–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Vaz JL, Fernandes V, Nogueira F, Arnóbio A, Levy RA. Infliximab-induced autoantibodies: a multicenter study. Clin Rheumatol. 2016;35(2):325–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Fidder H, Schnitzler F, Ferrante M, Noman M, Katsanos K, Segaert S, et al. Long-term safety of infliximab for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a single-Centre cohort study. Gut. 2009;58(4):501–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Zabana Y, Domènech E, Mañosa M, Garcia-Planella E, Bernal I, Cabré E, et al. Infliximab safety profile and long-term applicability in inflammatory bowel disease: 9-year experience in clinical practice. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010;31(5):553–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Cleynen I, Van Moerkercke W, Billiet T, Vandecandelaere P, Vande Casteele N, Breynaert C, et al. Characteristics of skin lesions associated with anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2016;164(1):10–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Neef HC, Riebschleger MP, Adler J. Meta-analysis: rapid infliximab infusions are safe. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013;38(4):365–76.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Babouri A, Roblin X, Filippi J, Hébuterne X, Bigard MA, Peyrin-Biroulet L. Tolerability of one hour 10mg/kg infliximab infusions in inflammatory bowel diseases: a prospective multicenter cohort study. J Crohns Colitis. 2014;8(2):161–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Principi M, Losurdo G, La Fortezza RF, Lopolito P, Lovero R, Grillo S, et al. Does infliximab short infusion have a beneficial impact on the quality of life in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases? A single centre prospective evaluation. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2015;24(2):165–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Hutsell SQ, Wu M, Park KT. Frequency of severe infusion reactions associated with outpatient infusion of infliximab without premedications. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017;65(4):430–1.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  134. Yeckes AR, Hoffenberg EJ. Rapid infliximab infusions in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009;49(1):151–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Lichtenstein GR, Feagan BG, Cohen RD, Salzberg BA, Diamond RH, Chen DM, et al. Serious infections and mortality in association with therapies for Crohn’s disease: TREAT registry. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4(5):621–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Lichtenstein GR, Rutgeerts P, Sandborn WJ, Sands BE, Diamond RH, Blank M, et al. A pooled analysis of infections, malignancy, and mortality in infliximab- and immunomodulator-treated adult patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107(7):1051–63.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  137. Veereman-Wauters G, de Ridder L, Veres G, Kolacek S, Fell J, Malmborg P, et al. Risk of infection and prevention in pediatric patients with IBD: ESPGHAN IBD Porto Group commentary. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2012;54(6):830–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Toruner M, Loftus EV Jr, Harmsen WS, Zinsmeister AR, Orenstein R, Sandborn WJ, et al. Risk factors for opportunistic infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2008;134(4):929–36.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Dulai PS, Thompson KD, Blunt HB, Dubinsky MC, Siegel CA. Risks of serious infection or lymphoma with anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy for pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12(9):1443–51; quiz e88-9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Hage CA, Bowyer S, Tarvin SE, Helper D, Kleiman MB, Wheat LJ. Recognition, diagnosis, and treatment of histoplasmosis complicating tumor necrosis factor blocker therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(1):85–92.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Keane J, Gershon S, Wise RP, Mirabile-Levens E, Kasznica J, Schwieterman WD, et al. Tuberculosis associated with infliximab, a tumor necrosis factor alpha-neutralizing agent. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(15):1098–104.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Singh JA, Saag KG, Bridges SL Jr, Akl EA, Bannuru RR, Sullivan MC, et al. 2015 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68(1):1–26.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Rufo PA, Denson LA, Sylvester FA, Szigethy E, Sathya P, Lu Y, et al. Health supervision in the management of children and adolescents with IBD: NASPGHAN recommendations. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2012;55(1):93–108.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  144. Rampton DS. Preventing TB in patients with Crohn’s disease needing infliximab or other anti-TNF therapy. Gut. 2005;54(10):1360–2.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  145. Rahier JF, Magro F, Abreu C, Armuzzi A, Ben-Horin S, Chowers Y, et al. Second European evidence-based consensus on the prevention, diagnosis and management of opportunistic infections in inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2014;8(6):443–68.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Ungaro RC, Brenner EJ, Gearry RB, Kaplan GG, Kissous-Hunt M, Lewis JD, et al. Effect of IBD medications on COVID-19 outcomes: results from an international registry. Gut. 2020;

    Google Scholar 

  147. Shale MJ, Seow CH, Coffin CS, Kaplan GG, Panaccione R, Ghosh S. Review article: chronic viral infection in the anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy era in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010;31(1):20–34.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Mahadevan U, Cucchiara S, Hyams JS, Steinwurz F, Nuti F, Travis SP, et al. The London position statement of the world congress of gastroenterology on biological therapy for IBD with the European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation: pregnancy and pediatrics. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106(2):214–23. quiz 24

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Lu Y, Bousvaros A. Varicella vaccination in children with inflammatory bowel disease receiving immunosuppressive therapy. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2010;50(5):562–5.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  150. El-Matary W, Bernstein CN. Cancer risk in pediatric-onset inflammatory bowel disease. Front Pediatr. 2020;8:400.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  151. Colman RJ, Rubin DT. Histological inflammation increases the risk of colorectal neoplasia in ulcerative colitis: a systematic review. Intest Res. 2016;14(3):202–10.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  152. Shah ED, Coburn ES, Nayyar A, Lee KJ, Koliani-Pace JL, Siegel CA. Systematic review: hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma on biologic therapy for inflammatory bowel disease, including data from the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2020;51(5):527–33.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  153. Berkowitz JC, Stein-Fishbein J, Khan S, Furie R, Sultan KS. Declining use of combination infliximab and immunomodulator for inflammatory bowel disease in the community setting. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther. 2018;9(1):8–13.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  154. Mack DR, Benchimol EI, Critch J, deBruyn J, Tse F, Moayyedi P, et al. Canadian Association of Gastroenterology Clinical Practice Guideline for the medical management of pediatric luminal Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 2019;157(2):320–48.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Lichtenstein GR, Feagan BG, Cohen RD, Salzberg BA, Diamond RH, Langholff W, et al. Drug therapies and the risk of malignancy in Crohn’s disease: results from the TREAT™ Registry. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109(2):212–23.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Long MD, Martin CF, Pipkin CA, Herfarth HH, Sandler RS, Kappelman MD. Risk of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer among patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2012;143(2):390–9.e1.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Rungoe C, Simonsen J, Riis L, Frisch M, Langholz E, Jess T. Inflammatory bowel disease and cervical neoplasia: a population-based nationwide cohort study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13(4):693–700.e1.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Diak P, Siegel J, La Grenade L, Choi L, Lemery S, McMahon A. Tumor necrosis factor alpha blockers and malignancy in children: forty-eight cases reported to the Food and Drug Administration. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(8):2517–24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Gastroenterology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA

    Ruben J. Colman

  2. GI Care for KIDS, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Dana M. H. Dykes

  3. Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Ana Catalina Arce-Clachar & Phillip Minar

  4. Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Ana Catalina Arce-Clachar & Phillip Minar

  5. Dayton Children’s Hospital, Dayton, OH, USA

    Shehzad A. Saeed

Authors
  1. Ruben J. Colman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dana M. H. Dykes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ana Catalina Arce-Clachar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Shehzad A. Saeed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Phillip Minar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Phillip Minar .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of GI, Hepatology & Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Petar Mamula

  2. Division of GI, Hepatology & Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Judith R. Kelsen

  3. Division of GI, Hepatology & Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Andrew B. Grossman

  4. Division of GI, Hepatology & Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Robert N. Baldassano

  5. Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Prisma Health Children’s Hospital—Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA

    Jonathan E. Markowitz

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Colman, R.J., Dykes, D.M.H., Arce-Clachar, A.C., Saeed, S.A., Minar, P. (2023). Infliximab Therapy for Pediatric Crohn Disease and Ulcerative Colitis. In: Mamula, P., Kelsen, J.R., Grossman, A.B., Baldassano, R.N., Markowitz, J.E. (eds) Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14744-9_31

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14744-9_31

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-14743-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-14744-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation