Skip to main content

Associated Conditions of Oral Submucous Fibrosis

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Oral Submucous Fibrosis

Part of the book series: Textbooks in Contemporary Dentistry ((TECD))

  • 164 Accesses

Abstract

In addition to oral fibrosis, several other pathological conditions may manifest in the oral cavity of areca nut chewers. Changes to teeth and oral mucosa (primarily white and red patches or verrucopapillary lesions) can occur in OSF due to the effects of areca nut chewing with or without tobacco and other added ingredients such as betel leaf, slaked lime and other condiments. This chapter outlines those other conditions that require the attention of the clinician when managing OSF patients. Special emphasis has been given to the verrucopapillary lesions such as oral squamous papilloma, verruca vulgaris, exophytic verrucous hyperplasia (oral verrucous hyperplasia), proliferative verrucous leukoplakia, oral verrucous carcinoma, oral squamous cell carcinoma with verrucopapillary features and papillary squamous cell carcinoma. This chapter also discusses the lacunae in literature and the need for future research in this area.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Trivedy CR, Craig G, Warnakulasuriya S. The oral health consequences of chewing areca nut. Addict Biol. 2002;7(1):115–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556210120091482.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Schamschula RG, Adkins BL, Barmes DE, Charlton G. Betal chewing and caries experience in New Guinea. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1977;5(6):284–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.1977.tb01015.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Reichart P, Gehring F. Streptococcus mutans and caries prevalence in Lisu and Karen of northern Thailand. J Dent Res. 1984;63(1):56–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345840630011301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Williams SA, Summers RM, Ahmed IA, Prendergast MJ. Caries experience, tooth loss and oral health-related behaviours among Bangladeshi women resident in West Yorkshire, UK. Community Dent Health. 1996;13(3):150–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Mehta FS, Pindborg JJ, Hamner JE III. Oral cancer and precancerous conditions in India. Copenhagen: Munksgaard; 1971. p. 17.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Reichart PA, Schmidtberg W, Scheifele C. Betel chewer's mucosa in elderly Cambodian women. J Oral Pathol Med. 1996;25(7):367–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.1996.tb00280.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Zain RB, Ikeda N, Gupta PC, et al. Oral mucosal lesions associated with betel quid, areca nut and tobacco chewing habits: consensus from a workshop held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, November 25–27, 1996. J Oral Pathol Med. 1999;28(1):1–4. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.1999.tb01985.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Ikeda N, Handa Y, Khim SP, et al. Prevalence study of oral mucosal lesions in a selected Cambodian population. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1995;23(1):49–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.1995.tb00197.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Zain R, Ikeda N, Yaacob MBH. Oral mucosal lesions survey of adults in Malaysia, vol. 44. Kuala Lumpur: Ministry of Health, Malaysia, University of Malaya, Malaysia and Aichigakuin University, Japan; 1995. p. 25–6.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Philipsen HP, Ramanathan J, Mendis BRRN. Betel chewer’s mucosa in Sri Lankan tea estate workers. (unpublished).

    Google Scholar 

  11. Hjorting-Hansen E, Holst E. Morsicatio mucosae oris and suctio mucosae oris. An analysis of oral mucosal changes due to biting and sucking habits. Scand J Dent Res. 1970;78(6):492–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0722.1970.tb02102.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Van Wyk CW, Staz J, Farman AG. The chewing lesion of the cheeks and lips: its features and prevalence among a selected group of adolescents. J Dent. 1977;5(3):193–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-5712(77)90003-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Reichart PA, Mohr U, Srisuwan S, Geerlings H, Theetranont C, Kangwanpong T. Precancerous and other oral mucosal lesions related to chewing, smoking and drinking habits in Thailand. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1987;15(3):152–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.1987.tb00505.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Maeda H, Ikeda N, Zain R, et al. Detection of human papillomaviruses in betel chewer’s mucosae and leukoplakias of Cambodian patients. The 2nd Asia Pacific Workshop for Oral Mucosal Lesions, 5–8 November 1995, Chiang Mai, Thailand, Program and Abstracts: P3

    Google Scholar 

  15. Reichart PA, Philipsen HP, Mohr U, Geerlings H, Srisuwan S. Miang chewing in northern Thai villagers. Trop Geogr Med. 1988;40(1):39–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Reichart PA, Lenz H, König H, Becker J, Mohr U. The black layer on the teeth of betel chewers: a light microscopic, microradiographic and electronmicroscopic study. J Oral Pathol. 1985;14(6):466–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.1985.tb00518.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Warnakulasuriya KA, Samaranayake LP, Peiris JS. Angular cheilitis in a group of Sri Lankan adults: a clinical and microbiologic study. J Oral Pathol Med. 1991;20(4):172–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.1991.tb00915.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Reichart PA, Schmidtberg W, Samaranayake LP, Scheifele C. Betel quid-associated oral lesions and oral Candida species in a female Cambodian cohort. J Oral Pathol Med. 2002;31(8):468–72. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0714.2002.00009.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Reichart PA, Khongkhunthian P, Samaranayake LP, Yau J, Patanaporn V, Scheifele C. Oral Candida species and betel quid-associated oral lesions in Padaung women of Northern Thailand. Mycoses. 2005;48(2):132–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.2004.01071.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Daftary DK, Bhonsle RB, Murti RB, Pindborg JJ, Mehta FS. An oral lichen planus-like lesion in Indian betel-tobacco chewers. Scand J Dent Res. 1980;88(3):244–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0722.1980.tb01221.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Gupta PC, Mehta FS, Daftary DK, et al. Incidence rates of oral cancer and natural history of oral precancerous lesions in a 10-year follow-up study of Indian villagers. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1980;8(6):283–333. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.1980.tb01302.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Dang V, Nagpal M. Quid-induced lichenoid reactions: a prevalence study. J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol. 2011;23:39–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Arya S, Vengal M, Raju B, et al. Betel quid oral lichenoid lesions: a hospital based cross-sectional study. J Investig Clin Dent 2017;8(1):https://doi.org/10.1111/jicd.12180. doi:10.1111/jicd.1218

  24. Reichart PA, Warnakulasuriya S. Oral lichenoid contact lesions induced by areca nut and betel quid chewing: a mini review. J Investig Clin Dent. 2012;3(3):163–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-1626.2012.00130.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Roopashree MR, Gondhalekar RV, Shashikanth MC, George J, Thippeswamy SH, Shukla A. Pathogenesis of oral lichen planus—a review. J Oral Pathol Med. 2010;39(10):729–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.2010.00946.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Warnakulasuriya S, Kujan O, Aguirre-Urizar JM, et al. Oral potentially malignant disorders: A consensus report from an international seminar on nomenclature and classification, convened by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Cancer. Oral Dis. 2021;27(8):1862–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13704.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Gao ML, Tang JQ, Zhu ZT, Jian XF. A pathological study of oral submucous fibrosis. Chin J Stomatol. 1990;25:363–5. [in Chinese] (Cross ref Cai et al 2019)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Tang JQ, Zhu ZT, Ling TY, Gao ML, Jian XF. A study of 335 cases of oral submucous fibrosis. West China J Stomatol. 1993;11:130–2. [in Chinese] (Cross Ref Cai et al 2019)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Tan H, Xie H. The clinical analysis of oral submucous fibrosis. J Oral Sci Res. 2004;20:529–31. [in Chinese] (Cros ref Cai et al 2019)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Gao YJ, Ling TY, Yin XM, Yao ZG, Tang JQ. A retrospective study of malignant transformation of oral submucous fibrosis. J Clin Stomatol. 2005;21:119–20. [in Chinese] (Cross ref Cai et al 2019)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Cai X, Yao Z, Liu G, Cui L, Li H, Huang J. Oral submucous fibrosis: A clinicopathological study of 674 cases in China. J Oral Pathol Med. 2019;48(4):321–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/jop.12836.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Warnakulasuriya S, Johnson NW, van der Waal I. Nomenclature and classification of potentially malignant disorders of the oral mucosa. J Oral Pathol Med. 2007;36(10):575–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.2007.00582.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Aguirre-Urizar JM, Lafuente-Ibáñez de Mendoza I, Warnakulasuriya S. Malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia: systematic review and meta-analysis of the last 5 years. Oral Dis. 2021;27(8):1881–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13810.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Chung CH, Yang YH, Wang TY, Shieh TY, Warnakulasuriya S. Oral precancerous disorders associated with areca quid chewing, smoking, and alcohol drinking in southern Taiwan. J Oral Pathol Med. 2005;34(8):460–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.2005.00332.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Pindborg JJ, Zheng KH, Kong CR, Lin FX. Pilot survey of oral mucosa in areca (betel) nut chewers on Hainan Island of the People's Republic of China. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1984;12(3):195–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.1984.tb01438.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Liu SF, Jian XC, Shen ZH. A study of oral submucous fibrosis. J Clin Stomatol. 1988;4:81–3. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  37. Jian XC, Liu SF, Shen ZH, Cheng HB. A clinical study of oral submucous fibrosis. Chin J Stomatol. 1989;24:299–302. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  38. Lin FX, Kong QR, Lin TC. An epidemiologic study of oral leukoplakia in Hainan Island. Chin J Stomatol. 1985;20:180–2. [in Chinese]

    Google Scholar 

  39. Tran TKC, Nguyen TBN, Nguyen TH, Priebe S. Betel chewing and oral mucosal lesions in Vietnamese population sample. In: Proceedings, Oral Cancer in the Asia Pacific—A Regional Update and Networking. Kuala Lumpur: Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, February 17–19, 2006, P.71.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Nguyen TBN. Oral mucosa, denture and paradentitis of betel chewers in Ba Diem Commune, Hoc Mon District, Ho Chı Minh City (in Vietnamese). Thesis, Faculty of Odontology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chı Minh City, 2006: pp. 15–7

    Google Scholar 

  41. Ngo DK. Oral Cancer and Precancer Survey in Southern Provinces of Vietnam, 1998. Cited by Huynh Anh Lan, 2006. In: Proceedings, Oral Cancer in the Asia Pacific—A Regional Update and Networking. Kuala Lumpur: Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 17–19 February 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Lee CH, Ko AM, Warnakulasuriya S, Yin BL, Sunarjo ZRB, Ibrahim SO, Liu ZW, Li WH, Zhang SS, Kuntoro UB, Rajapakse PS, Warusavithana SA, Razak IA, Abdullah N, Shrestha P, Kwan AL, Shieh TY, Chen MK, Ko YC. Intercountry prevalences and practices of betel-quid use in south, southeast and eastern Asia regions and associated oral preneoplastic disorders: an international collaborative study by Asian betel-quid consortium of south and east Asia. Int J Cancer. 2011;129(7):1741–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.25809.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Sujatha D, Hebbar PB, Pai A. Prevalence and correlation of oral lesions among tobacco smokers, tobacco chewers, areca nut and alcohol users. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2012;13(4):1633–7. https://doi.org/10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.4.1633.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Yang X, Wang Z, Zhou L, Liu W. Focus on higher rate of malignant transformation of oral submucous fibrosis and concomitant leukoplakia [published online ahead of print, 2021 Oct 30]. Oral Dis. 2021; https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.14063.

  45. Kujan O, Mello FW, Warnakulasuriya S. Malignant transformation of oral submucous fibrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Dis. 2021;27(8):1936–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13727.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Hazarey VK, Erlewad DM, Mundhe KA, Ughade SN. Oral submucous fibrosis: study of 1000 cases from central India. J Oral Pathol Med. 2007;36(1):12–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.2006.00485.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Angadi PV, Rekha KP. Oral submucous fibrosis: a clinicopathologic review of 205 cases in Indians. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;15(1):15–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10006-010-0225-x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Lian IB, Tseng YT, Su CC, Tsai KY. Progression of precancerous lesions to oral cancer: results based on the Taiwan National Health Insurance Database. Oral Oncol. 2013;49(5):427–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2012.12.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Yang PY, Chen YT, Wang YH, Su NY, Yu HC, Chang YC. Malignant transformation of oral submucous fibrosis in Taiwan: a nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study. J Oral Pathol Med. 2017;46(10):1040–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/jop.12570.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Wang TY, Chiu YW, Chen YT, et al. Malignant transformation of Taiwanese patients with oral leukoplakia: a nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study. J Formos Med Assoc. 2018;117(5):374–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2018.01.017.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Chiang WF, Liu SY, Lin JF, et al. Malignant development in patients with oral potentially malignant disorders detected through nationwide screening: outcomes of 5-year follow-up at a single hospital. Head Neck. 2020;42(1):67–76. https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.25973.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Xiao X, Hu Y, Li C, Shi L, Liu W. DNA content abnormality in oral submucous fibrosis concomitant leukoplakia: a preliminary evaluation of the diagnostic and clinical implications. Diagn Cytopathol. 2020;48(11):1111–4. https://doi.org/10.1002/dc.24469.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Iocca O, Sollecito TP, Alawi F, et al. Potentially malignant disorders of the oral cavity and oral dysplasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of malignant transformation rate by subtype. Head Neck. 2020;42(3):539–55. https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.26006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Villa A, Menon RS, Kerr AR, et al. Proliferative leukoplakia: proposed new clinical diagnostic criteria. Oral Dis. 2018;24(5):749–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.12830.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Hansen LS, Olson JA, Silverman S Jr. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia. A long-term study of thirty patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1985;60(3):285–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-4220(85)90313-5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Cerero-Lapiedra R, Baladé-Martínez D, Moreno-López LA, Esparza-Gómez G, Bagán JV. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: a proposal for diagnostic criteria. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2010;15(6):e839–45. Published 2010 Nov 1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Carrard VC, Brouns ER, van der Waal I. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia; a critical appraisal of the diagnostic criteria. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2013;18(3):e411–3. https://doi.org/10.4317/medoral.18912.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Bagan J, Murillo-Cortes J, Poveda-Roda R, Leopoldo-Rodado M, Bagan L. Second primary tumors in proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: a series of 33 cases. Clin Oral Investig. 2020;24(6):1963–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-019-03059-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Mechery R, Kumar M, Arora P, Rajkamal T, Dinakar N. Oral proliferative verrucous leukoplakia with oral submucous fibrosis treated with CO2 laser. J Dent Lasers. 2015;9:100–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Chang KC, Su IJ, Tsai ST, Shieh DB, Jin YT. Pathological features of betel quid-related oral epithelial lesions in Taiwan with special emphasis on the tumor progression and human papillomavirus association. Oncology. 2002;63(4):362–9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000066227.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Ackerman LV, McGavran MH. Proliferating benign and malignant epithelial lesions of the oral cavity. J Oral Surg (Chic). 1958;16(5):400–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Adkins KF, Monsour FN. Verrucous leukoplakia. N Z Dent J. 1976;72(327):28–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Shear M, Pindborg JJ. Verrucous hyperplasia of the oral mucosa. Cancer. 1980;46(8):1855–62. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19801015)46:8<1855::aid-cncr2820460825>3.0.co;2-#.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Wang YP, Chen HM, Kuo RC, et al. Oral verrucous hyperplasia: histologic classification, prognosis, and clinical implications. J Oral Pathol Med. 2009;38(8):651–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.2009.00790.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Zain RB, Kallarakkal TG, Ramanathan A, Kim J, Tilakaratne WM, Takata T, et al. A consensus report from the first Asian regional meeting on the terminology and criteria for verruco-papillary lesions of the oral cavity held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, December 15–18, 2013. Annal Dent Univ Malaya. 2013;20:1–3.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Zain RB, Kallarakkal TG, Ramanathan A, Kim J, Tilakaratne WM, Takata T, Warnakulasuriya S, Hazarey VK, Rich A, Hussaini HM, Jalil A. Exophytic verrucous hyperplasia of the oral cavity—application of standardized criteria for diagnosis from a consensus report. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2016 Jan 9;17(9):4491. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2016.17.(9).4491.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Jayasinghe LA, Peiris PM, Tilakaratne WM, et al. Clinically malignant exophytic lesions in the background of oral submucous fibrosis: report of five cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2016;122(2):210–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2016.06.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Shah AM, Bansal S, Shirsat PM, Prasad P, Desai RS. Exophytic verrucous hyperplasia in oral submucous fibrosis: a single-center study. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2019;23(3):393–9. https://doi.org/10.4103/jomfp.JOMFP_276_19.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Shafer WG. Verruciform xanthoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1971;31(6):784–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-4220(71)90134-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Santa Cruz DJ, Martin SA. Verruciform xanthoma of the vulva. Report of two cases. Am J Clin Pathol. 1979;71(2):224–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/71.2.224.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Hume WJ, Smith CJ, Franklin CD. Verruciform xanthoma. Br J Oral Surg. 1980;18(2):157–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-117x(80)90034-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Miyamoto Y, Nagayama M, Hayashi Y. Verruciform xanthoma occurring within oral lichen planus. J Oral Pathol Med. 1996;25(4):188–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.1996.tb00218.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Polonowita AD, Firth NA, Rich AM. Verruciform xanthoma and concomitant lichen planus of the oral mucosa. A report of three cases. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999;28(1):62–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Allen CM, Kapoor N. Verruciform xanthoma in a bone marrow transplant recipient. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1993;75(5):591–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-4220(93)90231-r.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Sibaud V, Marit G, Deminière C, Campana F, Taieb A, Fricain JC. Xanthomes verruciformes multiples buccaux au cours d'une maladie du greffon contre l'hôte [Multiple verruciform xanthomas of the oral mucosa associated with graft versus host disease]. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2006;133(12):995–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0151-9638(06)71086-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Shahrabi Farahani S, Treister NS, Khan Z, Woo SB. Oral verruciform xanthoma associated with chronic graft-versus-host disease: a report of five cases and a review of the literature. Head Neck Pathol. 2011;5(2):193–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12105-011-0246-2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Capocasale G, Panzarella V, Tozzo P, et al. Oral verruciform xanthoma and erythroplakia associated with chronic graft-versus-host disease: a rare case report and review of the literature. BMC Res Notes. 2017;10(1):631. Published 2017 Nov. 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-017-2952-7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. Poulopoulos AK, Epivatianos A, Zaraboukas T, Antoniades D. Verruciform xanthoma coexisting with oral discoid lupus erythematosus. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007;45(2):159–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjoms.2005.06.020.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Neville BW, Weathers DR. Verruciform xanthoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1980;49(5):429–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-4220(80)90287-x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Drummond JF, White DK, Damm DD, Cramer JR. Verruciform xanthoma within carcinoma in situ. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1989;47(4):398–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-2391(89)90343-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Yu CH, Tsai TC, Wang JT, et al. Oral verruciform xanthoma: a clinicopathologic study of 15 cases. J Formos Med Assoc. 2007;106(2):141–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0929-6646(09)60230-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Ghosh S, Gupta S, Singh K, Urs A. Verruciform xanthoma associated with oral submucous fibrosis—a report of an unusual case with literature review. Int J Contemp Med Res. 2014;1:88–91.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Hegde U, Doddawad VG, Sreeshyla HS, Patil R. Verruciform xanthoma: a case report with immunohistochemical findings. Aust Road Res Boad. 2015;8:1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Gannepalli A, Appala A, Reddy L, Babu DBG. Insight into verruciform xanthoma with oral submucous fibrosis: case report and review of literature. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2019;23(Suppl 1):43–8. https://doi.org/10.4103/jomfp.JOMFP_210_18.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  85. Yang YH, Lien YC, Ho PS, et al. The effects of chewing areca/betel quid with and without cigarette smoking on oral submucous fibrosis and oral mucosal lesions. Oral Dis. 2005;11(2):88–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-0825.2004.01061.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Pravda C, Srinivasan H, Koteeswaran D, Manohar LA. Verrucous carcinoma in association with oral submucous fibrosis. Indian J Dent Res. 2011;22(4):615. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-9290.90329.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Komal K, Deshmukh SB, Deshmukh A. Verrucous carcinoma with oral submucous fibrosis: a rare case with brief review. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9(8):ED06–ED8. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2015/10042.6305.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  88. Malhotra S, Raghavan V, Kumar A, Singh AK. Verrucous carcinoma on pre-existing oral submucous fibrosis. J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol. 2015;27:593–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Ramani P, Krithika C, Ananthalakshmi R, et al. Verrucoid variant of invasive squamous cell carcinoma in oral submucous fibrosis: a clinicopathological challenge. Cureus. 2016;8(11):e862. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.862.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  90. Yunus SM, Gadodia P, Wadhwani R, Nayyar AS, Patil N, Kumar V, et al. Verrucous carcinoma in association with OSMF: a rare case report. Austin J Dent. 2016;3(3):1039.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Popli H, Kumar S. Verrucous carcinoma with oral sub-mucous fibrosis: an uncommon occurrence. Int J Appl Dent Sci. 2018;4(4):01–4.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Tyagi M, Mohan V, Gupta R. Verrucous carcinoma in association with oral submucous fibrosis. Univ J Dent Sci. 2021;7(1):111–3.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to R. B. Zain .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Ramanathan, A., Zain, R.B. (2023). Associated Conditions of Oral Submucous Fibrosis. In: Warnakulasuriya, S., Ranganathan, K. (eds) Oral Submucous Fibrosis. Textbooks in Contemporary Dentistry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12855-4_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12855-4_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-12854-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-12855-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics