Abstract
In addition to oral fibrosis, several other pathological conditions may manifest in the oral cavity of areca nut chewers. Changes to teeth and oral mucosa (primarily white and red patches or verrucopapillary lesions) can occur in OSF due to the effects of areca nut chewing with or without tobacco and other added ingredients such as betel leaf, slaked lime and other condiments. This chapter outlines those other conditions that require the attention of the clinician when managing OSF patients. Special emphasis has been given to the verrucopapillary lesions such as oral squamous papilloma, verruca vulgaris, exophytic verrucous hyperplasia (oral verrucous hyperplasia), proliferative verrucous leukoplakia, oral verrucous carcinoma, oral squamous cell carcinoma with verrucopapillary features and papillary squamous cell carcinoma. This chapter also discusses the lacunae in literature and the need for future research in this area.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Trivedy CR, Craig G, Warnakulasuriya S. The oral health consequences of chewing areca nut. Addict Biol. 2002;7(1):115–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556210120091482.
Schamschula RG, Adkins BL, Barmes DE, Charlton G. Betal chewing and caries experience in New Guinea. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1977;5(6):284–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.1977.tb01015.x.
Reichart P, Gehring F. Streptococcus mutans and caries prevalence in Lisu and Karen of northern Thailand. J Dent Res. 1984;63(1):56–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345840630011301.
Williams SA, Summers RM, Ahmed IA, Prendergast MJ. Caries experience, tooth loss and oral health-related behaviours among Bangladeshi women resident in West Yorkshire, UK. Community Dent Health. 1996;13(3):150–6.
Mehta FS, Pindborg JJ, Hamner JE III. Oral cancer and precancerous conditions in India. Copenhagen: Munksgaard; 1971. p. 17.
Reichart PA, Schmidtberg W, Scheifele C. Betel chewer's mucosa in elderly Cambodian women. J Oral Pathol Med. 1996;25(7):367–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.1996.tb00280.x.
Zain RB, Ikeda N, Gupta PC, et al. Oral mucosal lesions associated with betel quid, areca nut and tobacco chewing habits: consensus from a workshop held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, November 25–27, 1996. J Oral Pathol Med. 1999;28(1):1–4. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.1999.tb01985.x.
Ikeda N, Handa Y, Khim SP, et al. Prevalence study of oral mucosal lesions in a selected Cambodian population. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1995;23(1):49–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.1995.tb00197.x.
Zain R, Ikeda N, Yaacob MBH. Oral mucosal lesions survey of adults in Malaysia, vol. 44. Kuala Lumpur: Ministry of Health, Malaysia, University of Malaya, Malaysia and Aichigakuin University, Japan; 1995. p. 25–6.
Philipsen HP, Ramanathan J, Mendis BRRN. Betel chewer’s mucosa in Sri Lankan tea estate workers. (unpublished).
Hjorting-Hansen E, Holst E. Morsicatio mucosae oris and suctio mucosae oris. An analysis of oral mucosal changes due to biting and sucking habits. Scand J Dent Res. 1970;78(6):492–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0722.1970.tb02102.x.
Van Wyk CW, Staz J, Farman AG. The chewing lesion of the cheeks and lips: its features and prevalence among a selected group of adolescents. J Dent. 1977;5(3):193–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-5712(77)90003-3.
Reichart PA, Mohr U, Srisuwan S, Geerlings H, Theetranont C, Kangwanpong T. Precancerous and other oral mucosal lesions related to chewing, smoking and drinking habits in Thailand. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1987;15(3):152–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.1987.tb00505.x.
Maeda H, Ikeda N, Zain R, et al. Detection of human papillomaviruses in betel chewer’s mucosae and leukoplakias of Cambodian patients. The 2nd Asia Pacific Workshop for Oral Mucosal Lesions, 5–8 November 1995, Chiang Mai, Thailand, Program and Abstracts: P3
Reichart PA, Philipsen HP, Mohr U, Geerlings H, Srisuwan S. Miang chewing in northern Thai villagers. Trop Geogr Med. 1988;40(1):39–44.
Reichart PA, Lenz H, König H, Becker J, Mohr U. The black layer on the teeth of betel chewers: a light microscopic, microradiographic and electronmicroscopic study. J Oral Pathol. 1985;14(6):466–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.1985.tb00518.x.
Warnakulasuriya KA, Samaranayake LP, Peiris JS. Angular cheilitis in a group of Sri Lankan adults: a clinical and microbiologic study. J Oral Pathol Med. 1991;20(4):172–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.1991.tb00915.x.
Reichart PA, Schmidtberg W, Samaranayake LP, Scheifele C. Betel quid-associated oral lesions and oral Candida species in a female Cambodian cohort. J Oral Pathol Med. 2002;31(8):468–72. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0714.2002.00009.x.
Reichart PA, Khongkhunthian P, Samaranayake LP, Yau J, Patanaporn V, Scheifele C. Oral Candida species and betel quid-associated oral lesions in Padaung women of Northern Thailand. Mycoses. 2005;48(2):132–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.2004.01071.x.
Daftary DK, Bhonsle RB, Murti RB, Pindborg JJ, Mehta FS. An oral lichen planus-like lesion in Indian betel-tobacco chewers. Scand J Dent Res. 1980;88(3):244–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0722.1980.tb01221.x.
Gupta PC, Mehta FS, Daftary DK, et al. Incidence rates of oral cancer and natural history of oral precancerous lesions in a 10-year follow-up study of Indian villagers. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1980;8(6):283–333. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.1980.tb01302.x.
Dang V, Nagpal M. Quid-induced lichenoid reactions: a prevalence study. J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol. 2011;23:39–41.
Arya S, Vengal M, Raju B, et al. Betel quid oral lichenoid lesions: a hospital based cross-sectional study. J Investig Clin Dent 2017;8(1):https://doi.org/10.1111/jicd.12180. doi:10.1111/jicd.1218
Reichart PA, Warnakulasuriya S. Oral lichenoid contact lesions induced by areca nut and betel quid chewing: a mini review. J Investig Clin Dent. 2012;3(3):163–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-1626.2012.00130.x.
Roopashree MR, Gondhalekar RV, Shashikanth MC, George J, Thippeswamy SH, Shukla A. Pathogenesis of oral lichen planus—a review. J Oral Pathol Med. 2010;39(10):729–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.2010.00946.x.
Warnakulasuriya S, Kujan O, Aguirre-Urizar JM, et al. Oral potentially malignant disorders: A consensus report from an international seminar on nomenclature and classification, convened by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Cancer. Oral Dis. 2021;27(8):1862–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13704.
Gao ML, Tang JQ, Zhu ZT, Jian XF. A pathological study of oral submucous fibrosis. Chin J Stomatol. 1990;25:363–5. [in Chinese] (Cross ref Cai et al 2019)
Tang JQ, Zhu ZT, Ling TY, Gao ML, Jian XF. A study of 335 cases of oral submucous fibrosis. West China J Stomatol. 1993;11:130–2. [in Chinese] (Cross Ref Cai et al 2019)
Tan H, Xie H. The clinical analysis of oral submucous fibrosis. J Oral Sci Res. 2004;20:529–31. [in Chinese] (Cros ref Cai et al 2019)
Gao YJ, Ling TY, Yin XM, Yao ZG, Tang JQ. A retrospective study of malignant transformation of oral submucous fibrosis. J Clin Stomatol. 2005;21:119–20. [in Chinese] (Cross ref Cai et al 2019)
Cai X, Yao Z, Liu G, Cui L, Li H, Huang J. Oral submucous fibrosis: A clinicopathological study of 674 cases in China. J Oral Pathol Med. 2019;48(4):321–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/jop.12836.
Warnakulasuriya S, Johnson NW, van der Waal I. Nomenclature and classification of potentially malignant disorders of the oral mucosa. J Oral Pathol Med. 2007;36(10):575–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.2007.00582.x.
Aguirre-Urizar JM, Lafuente-Ibáñez de Mendoza I, Warnakulasuriya S. Malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia: systematic review and meta-analysis of the last 5 years. Oral Dis. 2021;27(8):1881–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13810.
Chung CH, Yang YH, Wang TY, Shieh TY, Warnakulasuriya S. Oral precancerous disorders associated with areca quid chewing, smoking, and alcohol drinking in southern Taiwan. J Oral Pathol Med. 2005;34(8):460–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.2005.00332.x.
Pindborg JJ, Zheng KH, Kong CR, Lin FX. Pilot survey of oral mucosa in areca (betel) nut chewers on Hainan Island of the People's Republic of China. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1984;12(3):195–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.1984.tb01438.x.
Liu SF, Jian XC, Shen ZH. A study of oral submucous fibrosis. J Clin Stomatol. 1988;4:81–3. [in Chinese]
Jian XC, Liu SF, Shen ZH, Cheng HB. A clinical study of oral submucous fibrosis. Chin J Stomatol. 1989;24:299–302. [in Chinese]
Lin FX, Kong QR, Lin TC. An epidemiologic study of oral leukoplakia in Hainan Island. Chin J Stomatol. 1985;20:180–2. [in Chinese]
Tran TKC, Nguyen TBN, Nguyen TH, Priebe S. Betel chewing and oral mucosal lesions in Vietnamese population sample. In: Proceedings, Oral Cancer in the Asia Pacific—A Regional Update and Networking. Kuala Lumpur: Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, February 17–19, 2006, P.71.
Nguyen TBN. Oral mucosa, denture and paradentitis of betel chewers in Ba Diem Commune, Hoc Mon District, Ho Chı Minh City (in Vietnamese). Thesis, Faculty of Odontology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chı Minh City, 2006: pp. 15–7
Ngo DK. Oral Cancer and Precancer Survey in Southern Provinces of Vietnam, 1998. Cited by Huynh Anh Lan, 2006. In: Proceedings, Oral Cancer in the Asia Pacific—A Regional Update and Networking. Kuala Lumpur: Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 17–19 February 2006.
Lee CH, Ko AM, Warnakulasuriya S, Yin BL, Sunarjo ZRB, Ibrahim SO, Liu ZW, Li WH, Zhang SS, Kuntoro UB, Rajapakse PS, Warusavithana SA, Razak IA, Abdullah N, Shrestha P, Kwan AL, Shieh TY, Chen MK, Ko YC. Intercountry prevalences and practices of betel-quid use in south, southeast and eastern Asia regions and associated oral preneoplastic disorders: an international collaborative study by Asian betel-quid consortium of south and east Asia. Int J Cancer. 2011;129(7):1741–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.25809.
Sujatha D, Hebbar PB, Pai A. Prevalence and correlation of oral lesions among tobacco smokers, tobacco chewers, areca nut and alcohol users. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2012;13(4):1633–7. https://doi.org/10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.4.1633.
Yang X, Wang Z, Zhou L, Liu W. Focus on higher rate of malignant transformation of oral submucous fibrosis and concomitant leukoplakia [published online ahead of print, 2021 Oct 30]. Oral Dis. 2021; https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.14063.
Kujan O, Mello FW, Warnakulasuriya S. Malignant transformation of oral submucous fibrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Dis. 2021;27(8):1936–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13727.
Hazarey VK, Erlewad DM, Mundhe KA, Ughade SN. Oral submucous fibrosis: study of 1000 cases from central India. J Oral Pathol Med. 2007;36(1):12–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.2006.00485.x.
Angadi PV, Rekha KP. Oral submucous fibrosis: a clinicopathologic review of 205 cases in Indians. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;15(1):15–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10006-010-0225-x.
Lian IB, Tseng YT, Su CC, Tsai KY. Progression of precancerous lesions to oral cancer: results based on the Taiwan National Health Insurance Database. Oral Oncol. 2013;49(5):427–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2012.12.004.
Yang PY, Chen YT, Wang YH, Su NY, Yu HC, Chang YC. Malignant transformation of oral submucous fibrosis in Taiwan: a nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study. J Oral Pathol Med. 2017;46(10):1040–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/jop.12570.
Wang TY, Chiu YW, Chen YT, et al. Malignant transformation of Taiwanese patients with oral leukoplakia: a nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study. J Formos Med Assoc. 2018;117(5):374–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2018.01.017.
Chiang WF, Liu SY, Lin JF, et al. Malignant development in patients with oral potentially malignant disorders detected through nationwide screening: outcomes of 5-year follow-up at a single hospital. Head Neck. 2020;42(1):67–76. https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.25973.
Xiao X, Hu Y, Li C, Shi L, Liu W. DNA content abnormality in oral submucous fibrosis concomitant leukoplakia: a preliminary evaluation of the diagnostic and clinical implications. Diagn Cytopathol. 2020;48(11):1111–4. https://doi.org/10.1002/dc.24469.
Iocca O, Sollecito TP, Alawi F, et al. Potentially malignant disorders of the oral cavity and oral dysplasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of malignant transformation rate by subtype. Head Neck. 2020;42(3):539–55. https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.26006.
Villa A, Menon RS, Kerr AR, et al. Proliferative leukoplakia: proposed new clinical diagnostic criteria. Oral Dis. 2018;24(5):749–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.12830.
Hansen LS, Olson JA, Silverman S Jr. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia. A long-term study of thirty patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1985;60(3):285–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-4220(85)90313-5.
Cerero-Lapiedra R, Baladé-MartÃnez D, Moreno-López LA, Esparza-Gómez G, Bagán JV. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: a proposal for diagnostic criteria. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2010;15(6):e839–45. Published 2010 Nov 1
Carrard VC, Brouns ER, van der Waal I. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia; a critical appraisal of the diagnostic criteria. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2013;18(3):e411–3. https://doi.org/10.4317/medoral.18912.
Bagan J, Murillo-Cortes J, Poveda-Roda R, Leopoldo-Rodado M, Bagan L. Second primary tumors in proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: a series of 33 cases. Clin Oral Investig. 2020;24(6):1963–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-019-03059-9.
Mechery R, Kumar M, Arora P, Rajkamal T, Dinakar N. Oral proliferative verrucous leukoplakia with oral submucous fibrosis treated with CO2 laser. J Dent Lasers. 2015;9:100–3.
Chang KC, Su IJ, Tsai ST, Shieh DB, Jin YT. Pathological features of betel quid-related oral epithelial lesions in Taiwan with special emphasis on the tumor progression and human papillomavirus association. Oncology. 2002;63(4):362–9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000066227.
Ackerman LV, McGavran MH. Proliferating benign and malignant epithelial lesions of the oral cavity. J Oral Surg (Chic). 1958;16(5):400–13.
Adkins KF, Monsour FN. Verrucous leukoplakia. N Z Dent J. 1976;72(327):28–32.
Shear M, Pindborg JJ. Verrucous hyperplasia of the oral mucosa. Cancer. 1980;46(8):1855–62. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19801015)46:8<1855::aid-cncr2820460825>3.0.co;2-#.
Wang YP, Chen HM, Kuo RC, et al. Oral verrucous hyperplasia: histologic classification, prognosis, and clinical implications. J Oral Pathol Med. 2009;38(8):651–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.2009.00790.x.
Zain RB, Kallarakkal TG, Ramanathan A, Kim J, Tilakaratne WM, Takata T, et al. A consensus report from the first Asian regional meeting on the terminology and criteria for verruco-papillary lesions of the oral cavity held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, December 15–18, 2013. Annal Dent Univ Malaya. 2013;20:1–3.
Zain RB, Kallarakkal TG, Ramanathan A, Kim J, Tilakaratne WM, Takata T, Warnakulasuriya S, Hazarey VK, Rich A, Hussaini HM, Jalil A. Exophytic verrucous hyperplasia of the oral cavity—application of standardized criteria for diagnosis from a consensus report. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2016 Jan 9;17(9):4491. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2016.17.(9).4491.
Jayasinghe LA, Peiris PM, Tilakaratne WM, et al. Clinically malignant exophytic lesions in the background of oral submucous fibrosis: report of five cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2016;122(2):210–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2016.06.001.
Shah AM, Bansal S, Shirsat PM, Prasad P, Desai RS. Exophytic verrucous hyperplasia in oral submucous fibrosis: a single-center study. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2019;23(3):393–9. https://doi.org/10.4103/jomfp.JOMFP_276_19.
Shafer WG. Verruciform xanthoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1971;31(6):784–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-4220(71)90134-4.
Santa Cruz DJ, Martin SA. Verruciform xanthoma of the vulva. Report of two cases. Am J Clin Pathol. 1979;71(2):224–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/71.2.224.
Hume WJ, Smith CJ, Franklin CD. Verruciform xanthoma. Br J Oral Surg. 1980;18(2):157–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-117x(80)90034-7.
Miyamoto Y, Nagayama M, Hayashi Y. Verruciform xanthoma occurring within oral lichen planus. J Oral Pathol Med. 1996;25(4):188–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.1996.tb00218.x.
Polonowita AD, Firth NA, Rich AM. Verruciform xanthoma and concomitant lichen planus of the oral mucosa. A report of three cases. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999;28(1):62–6.
Allen CM, Kapoor N. Verruciform xanthoma in a bone marrow transplant recipient. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1993;75(5):591–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-4220(93)90231-r.
Sibaud V, Marit G, Deminière C, Campana F, Taieb A, Fricain JC. Xanthomes verruciformes multiples buccaux au cours d'une maladie du greffon contre l'hôte [Multiple verruciform xanthomas of the oral mucosa associated with graft versus host disease]. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2006;133(12):995–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0151-9638(06)71086-9.
Shahrabi Farahani S, Treister NS, Khan Z, Woo SB. Oral verruciform xanthoma associated with chronic graft-versus-host disease: a report of five cases and a review of the literature. Head Neck Pathol. 2011;5(2):193–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12105-011-0246-2.
Capocasale G, Panzarella V, Tozzo P, et al. Oral verruciform xanthoma and erythroplakia associated with chronic graft-versus-host disease: a rare case report and review of the literature. BMC Res Notes. 2017;10(1):631. Published 2017 Nov. 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-017-2952-7.
Poulopoulos AK, Epivatianos A, Zaraboukas T, Antoniades D. Verruciform xanthoma coexisting with oral discoid lupus erythematosus. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007;45(2):159–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjoms.2005.06.020.
Neville BW, Weathers DR. Verruciform xanthoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1980;49(5):429–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-4220(80)90287-x.
Drummond JF, White DK, Damm DD, Cramer JR. Verruciform xanthoma within carcinoma in situ. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1989;47(4):398–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-2391(89)90343-1.
Yu CH, Tsai TC, Wang JT, et al. Oral verruciform xanthoma: a clinicopathologic study of 15 cases. J Formos Med Assoc. 2007;106(2):141–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0929-6646(09)60230-8.
Ghosh S, Gupta S, Singh K, Urs A. Verruciform xanthoma associated with oral submucous fibrosis—a report of an unusual case with literature review. Int J Contemp Med Res. 2014;1:88–91.
Hegde U, Doddawad VG, Sreeshyla HS, Patil R. Verruciform xanthoma: a case report with immunohistochemical findings. Aust Road Res Boad. 2015;8:1–4.
Gannepalli A, Appala A, Reddy L, Babu DBG. Insight into verruciform xanthoma with oral submucous fibrosis: case report and review of literature. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2019;23(Suppl 1):43–8. https://doi.org/10.4103/jomfp.JOMFP_210_18.
Yang YH, Lien YC, Ho PS, et al. The effects of chewing areca/betel quid with and without cigarette smoking on oral submucous fibrosis and oral mucosal lesions. Oral Dis. 2005;11(2):88–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-0825.2004.01061.x.
Pravda C, Srinivasan H, Koteeswaran D, Manohar LA. Verrucous carcinoma in association with oral submucous fibrosis. Indian J Dent Res. 2011;22(4):615. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-9290.90329.
Komal K, Deshmukh SB, Deshmukh A. Verrucous carcinoma with oral submucous fibrosis: a rare case with brief review. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9(8):ED06–ED8. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2015/10042.6305.
Malhotra S, Raghavan V, Kumar A, Singh AK. Verrucous carcinoma on pre-existing oral submucous fibrosis. J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol. 2015;27:593–7.
Ramani P, Krithika C, Ananthalakshmi R, et al. Verrucoid variant of invasive squamous cell carcinoma in oral submucous fibrosis: a clinicopathological challenge. Cureus. 2016;8(11):e862. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.862.
Yunus SM, Gadodia P, Wadhwani R, Nayyar AS, Patil N, Kumar V, et al. Verrucous carcinoma in association with OSMF: a rare case report. Austin J Dent. 2016;3(3):1039.
Popli H, Kumar S. Verrucous carcinoma with oral sub-mucous fibrosis: an uncommon occurrence. Int J Appl Dent Sci. 2018;4(4):01–4.
Tyagi M, Mohan V, Gupta R. Verrucous carcinoma in association with oral submucous fibrosis. Univ J Dent Sci. 2021;7(1):111–3.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ramanathan, A., Zain, R.B. (2023). Associated Conditions of Oral Submucous Fibrosis. In: Warnakulasuriya, S., Ranganathan, K. (eds) Oral Submucous Fibrosis. Textbooks in Contemporary Dentistry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12855-4_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12855-4_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-12854-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-12855-4
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)