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Tight Junctions in the Inflamed Gut

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Tight Junctions

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Abstract

The gastrointestinal system digests and absorbs nutrients while integrating exogenous and endogenous signals that contribute to create immune tolerance. Epithelial cells forming the physical barrier regulate ion, solutes, and water absorption in the gut. Tight junctions (TJs) are specialized cell-cell junctions that bring adjacent gastrointestinal epithelial cells together and seal the paracellular space. Additionally, TJs are important for maintaining cellular polarity in epithelial cells and in the gastrointestinal epithelium itself. Dysfunctional gastrointestinal TJ enhances leakage of luminal contents into the interstitium, a process that stimulates the development of inflammatory disorders. Therefore, the pathophysiology of the TJs has gained attention in the medical field. Several studies aimed to investigate the viability of those structures are now used in the diagnosis for patients with chronic gastrointestinal inflammation. This chapter focuses on analyzing the role of the TJs in the gut, the techniques employed to study these structures, as well as various mechanisms responsible for compromising the TJs and the intestinal epithelial barrier.

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Abbreviations

AJ:

Adherens junctions

AJC:

Apical junctional complex

CK1:

Casein kinase 1

cPKC:

Ca2+-dependent protein kinase C

ECL1:

First extracellular loop

ECL2:

Second extracellular loop

GI:

Gastrointestinal

GuK:

Guanylate kinase homology

IBD:

Inflammatory bowel disease

IEC:

Intestinal epithelial cells

Ig:

Immunoglobulin

IHC:

Immunohistochemistry

IL:

Interleukin

IP:

Intestinal permeability

JAMs:

Junctional adhesion molecules

KO:

Knockout

MUPP1:

Multi-PDZ domain protein 1

PDZ:

PSD95, DlgA, ZO1 homology

PKA:

Protein kinase A

QIIME:

Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology

SH3:

Non-catalytic SRC homology 3

TJs:

Tight junctions

ZO:

Zonula occludens

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Acknowledgments

We want to extend our gratitude to Dr. Zayda Piedra Quintero for sharing her expertise in the inflammation field and for her critical discussion of the manuscript. The project was supported by the sectoral funding for research and education via the grant for Basic Science from Conacyt (No. A1-S-20887 to PND) and the SEP-Conacyt grant (No.179 to NV/PND). MREG is the recipient of a doctoral fellowship from Conacyt (860508).

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  1. Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Neurosciences, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico

    Maria del Rocio Encarnacion-Garcia & Porfirio Nava

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  1. Maria del Rocio Encarnacion-Garcia
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Correspondence to Porfirio Nava .

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  1. Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advance Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico

    Lorenza González-Mariscal

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del Rocio Encarnacion-Garcia, M., Nava, P. (2022). Tight Junctions in the Inflamed Gut. In: González-Mariscal, L. (eds) Tight Junctions. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97204-2_6

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