Abstract
It is crucial demand of recent times to make the industrial productions eco-friendly as much as possible which not only promotes sustainable development but also lowers the financial burden by increasing yield with cost-effective approaches. Hence, the interest has leaned toward the use of green downstream processing for industrial products precisely reflecting from increased number of publications on green analytical techniques. As the research on organic compounds production makes use of chromatographic techniques to analyze different components, the extensive efforts have been performed to make chromatography techniques green which can potentially be possible at each step right from preparation of sample to analytical identification.
Usually, gas chromatography can be greener with low energy consumption whereas liquid chromatography with lesser solvents usage. This chapter depicts various green techniques used in gas and liquid chromatography, for instance, manipulating the process parameters like analyte preparation, chromatography type, stationary phase, mobile phase, column size, and temperature. In addition to discussing various aspects of green chemistry, there is substantial discussion about assessment of green techniques using various mathematical and statistical approaches. Finally, the advanced research approaches are recommended to explore the potential and overcome the challenges for the commercialization of green chromatographic techniques.
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Abbreviations
- ACE:
-
Acetyl choline esterase
- AMGS:
-
Analytical method greenness score
- CEC:
-
Capillary electrochromatography
- CED:
-
Cumulative energy demand
- CFM:
-
Consumable free modulator
- CMC:
-
Critical micelle concentration
- DLLME:
-
Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction
- EAT:
-
Environment assessment tool
- EFC:
-
Enhanced fluidity chromatography
- ESI:
-
Electron spray ionization
- FID:
-
Flame ionized detector
- GAC:
-
Green analytical chemistry
- GAPI:
-
Green analytical procedure index
- GC:
-
Gas chromatography
- GCCC:
-
Green countercurrent chromatography
- GGC:
-
Green gas chromatography
- GLC:
-
Green liquid chromatography
- GPE:
-
Gas-phase extraction
- HF:
-
Hollow fiber
- HSI:
-
Headspace injection
- HTLC:
-
High-temperature liquid chromatography
- IL:
-
Ionic liquid
- LC:
-
Liquid chromatography
- LCA:
-
Life cycle assessment
- LEL:
-
Lower explosive limit
- LPME:
-
Liquid-phase microextraction
- LTM:
-
Low thermal mass
- MAE:
-
Microwave-assisted extraction
- MASE:
-
Membrane-assisted solvent extraction
- MEMS:
-
Microelectromechanical system
- MEPS:
-
Microextraction with packed sorbent
- MESI:
-
Membrane extraction using sorbent interface
- MMLLE:
-
Microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction
- MS:
-
Mass spectroscopy
- MSLE:
-
Microdialysis sampling liquid extraction
- NADES:
-
Natural deep eutectic solvents
- NEMI:
-
National environment method index
- PAHs:
-
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons
- PCB:
-
Polychlorobiphenyls
- PDMS:
-
Polydimethylsiloxane
- PLE/PFE:
-
Pressurized liquid/fluid extraction
- PT:
-
Purge trap
- PTFE:
-
Polytetrafluoroethylene
- QuEChERS:
-
Quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe extraction
- RP:
-
Reversed phase
- S/H/PWE:
-
Subcritical/hot/pressurized water extraction
- SBSE:
-
Stir bar sorptive extraction
- SDME:
-
Single drop microextraction
- SDS:
-
Sodium dodecyl sulfate
- SFC:
-
Supercritical fluid chromatography
- SFE:
-
Supercritical fluid extraction
- SHE:
-
Safety health environment
- SHFC:
-
Superheated fluid chromatography
- SHS:
-
Static headspace
- SHWC:
-
Superheated water chromatography
- SLME:
-
Supported liquid microextraction
- SPE:
-
Solid-phase extraction
- SPME:
-
Solid-phase microextraction
- SPNE:
-
Solid-phase nanoextraction
- TFME:
-
Thin-film microextraction
- TOF:
-
Time of flight
- UAE:
-
Ultrasound-assisted extraction
- UHPLC:
-
Ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography
- VOCs:
-
Volatile organic compounds
- WHSI:
-
Whole headspace injection
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Goyal, S., Sharma, R., Singh, J., Asadnia, M. (2022). Green Chromatography Techniques. In: El-Maghrabey, M.H., Sivasankar, V., El-Shaheny, R.N. (eds) Green Chemical Analysis and Sample Preparations. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96534-1_10
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