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Traditional Crude Drugs Against Encephalitis Infection: Ethnopharmacology, Chemistry, and Clinical and Preclinical Studies

  • Living reference work entry
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Anti-Viral Metabolites from Medicinal Plants

Part of the book series: Reference Series in Phytochemistry ((RSP))

  • 37 Accesses

Abstract

Encephalitis infection is an infection in the brain causing inflammation of the brain. An infection or an autoimmune response generally causes encephalitis. The most common causes of encephalitis infection are herpes simplex, varicella zoster, measles, mumps, and rubella viruses. Viruses spread by animals – tick-borne encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis, and rabies – may cause encephalitis infection. The other causes of encephalitis infection are bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Encephalitis often produces flu-like signs and symptoms such as a fever and headache; it can also cause confused thinking, seizures, or problems with movement. In some cases, encephalitis can be life-threatening. Therefore, timely diagnosis and treatment are vital because it’s difficult to predict how encephalitis will affect each individual. Several allopathic drugs are used to treat encephalitis infection but have some adverse effects. Some herbal medicines are used to treat encephalitis infection, such as arctigenin, indirubin, and extracts of Isatis indigotica. These herbal medicines are produced against encephalitis infection by different mechanisms, such as arctigenin inhibiting the replication of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). It has been reported that JEV infection increases p38 and p-JNK. At the same time, treatment with arctigenin significantly downregulated the level of p38 and p-JNK; therefore, arctigenin inhibits Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), reducing the viral replication within the brain, neuronal death, secondary inflammation, and oxidative stress resulting from microglial activation. At the same time, indirubin exerts its effects against encephalitis infection by downregulating the expression of genes. Herbal medicines are thought not to have negative consequences; hence, crude drugs are better choices for treating encephalitis infection.

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Abbreviations

AMPK:

AMP-activated protein kinase

CDKs:

Cyclin-dependent kinases

CNS:

Central nervous system

COX:

Cyclooxygenase

CT:

Computed tomography

EEG:

Electroencephalogram

EMT:

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition

EPO :

Eosinophil peroxidase

ERK:

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase

GPX1:

Glutathione peroxidase

GR :

Glutathione reductase

HFD:

High-fat diet

HIV:

Human immunodeficiency virus

IgE:

Immunoglobulin E

IL-6:

Interleukin-6

IMQ:

Imiquimod

JEV:

Japanese encephalitis virus

JNK:

Jun N-terminal kinase

MAP kinase:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

MPO :

Myeloperoxidase

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

mRNA:

Messenger RNA

NAPSI:

Nail Psoriasis Severity Index

PBMCs:

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

PPARγ:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ

RAFLSs:

Rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes

RANTES:

Regulated on Activation, Normal T Cell Expressed and Secreted

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor alpha

Txn :

Thioredoxin

UCP2:

Uncoupling protein-2

VCAM-1:

Vascular cell adhesion 1

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Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to Shri Suresh Jain, Chancellor, TeerthankerMahaveer University, for their motivation and for providing all necessary facilities in the laboratories of the University.

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  1. Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad, UP, India

    Phool Chandra & Arvind Kumar Patel

  2. Baba Baijnath College of Pharmacy, Azamgarh, UP, India

    Neetu Sachan

  3. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India

    Dilipkumar Pal

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  1. Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas University, Bilaspur, India

    Dilipkumar Pal

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Chandra, P., Sachan, N., Patel, A.K., Pal, D. (2022). Traditional Crude Drugs Against Encephalitis Infection: Ethnopharmacology, Chemistry, and Clinical and Preclinical Studies. In: Pal, D. (eds) Anti-Viral Metabolites from Medicinal Plants. Reference Series in Phytochemistry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83350-3_22-1

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