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Ophthalmology of Invertebrates

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Wild and Exotic Animal Ophthalmology

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Abstract

Invertebrates are an expansive and diverse group of animals that account for over 95% of the living animal species on Earth. In addition to multicellularity, the key distinguishing characteristic of this broad group is the lack of a vertebral column. Invertebrates vary widely in their anatomic structure, complexity, physiology, size, and ecological niches. Classification is traditionally based on characteristics including degree of tissue organization, symmetry, degree of body cavity development, presence of an exoskeleton, and segmentation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine and Epidemiology and the Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA

    Jenessa L. Gjeltema

  2. Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA

    Gregory A. Lewbart

  3. Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA

    Kate S. Freeman

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  1. Jenessa L. Gjeltema
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  2. Kate S. Freeman
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  3. Gregory A. Lewbart
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Correspondence to Jenessa L. Gjeltema .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Veterinary Medicine Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil

    Fabiano Montiani-Ferreira

  2. College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

    Bret A. Moore

  3. College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA

    Gil Ben-Shlomo

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Gjeltema, J.L., Freeman, K.S., Lewbart, G.A. (2022). Ophthalmology of Invertebrates. In: Montiani-Ferreira, F., Moore, B.A., Ben-Shlomo, G. (eds) Wild and Exotic Animal Ophthalmology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71302-7_2

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