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Human Viruses: Infection, Prevention and Potential Target(s) for Therapy – A Comprehensive Review

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Human Viruses: Diseases, Treatments and Vaccines

Abstract

It is well known that most pathogenic viruses cause acute, chronic and co-infections that lead to pathogenesis and progression and manifestated as various human diseases. Viral diseases mainly AIDS, Zika, Ebola, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS), influenza and pneumonia of various forms are the biggest cause of mortality and disability in both developed and developing countries. Also certain infectious viruses have the potential to cause cancers in humans. Taken together, the known, unknown and novel viral diseases associated with cancers  represent a  major global public health challange for social well-being, economic stability, quality human health, productivity and progress. The threats posed by viral diseases mainly depend on the continued emergence, re-emergence of new and novel pathogenic viruses with varied pathogenecity and severity. Chronic infections contribute to as high as 26% of cancer cases in developing countries, only about 11 out of millions of microbes and chemical agents around us have been declared as human carcinogens. In the past few years, several new and highly pathogenic viral infections, that affect humans, have emerged and majority are of zoonotic origin. Thus, monitoring these zoonoses and other novel viruses with unidentified origins required, advanced efforts for increased awarness and the efficient global research co-ordination for pursuance of effective approaches for prevention and the control of diseases remains crucial. This chapter presents an update on emerging and re-emerging viruses and viral diseases, highlights their role in causing human diseases including cancer as well as their potential targets for development of new therapeutics and vaccines.

Shilpi Gupta and Prabhat Kumar contributed equally to first authorship.

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Abbreviations

AIDS:

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

AP-1:

Activator protein 1

ACE2:

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2

ARDS:

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

CaCx:

Cervical cancer

COVID-19:

Coronavirus disease

CRISPR:

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats

CAS9:

CRISPR associated protein 9

CDC:

Centres for disease control and prevention

CDK:

Cyclin-dependent kinases

CD:

Cluster of differentiation

CYD-TDV:

CYD-tétravalent dengue vaccine

CFR:

Case fatality rate

CT:

Computed tomography

CMV:

Cytomegalovirus

DENV:

Dengue virus

dsDNA:

Double-strand DNA

EBV:

Epstein-Barr virus

ER:

Endoplasmicreticulum

ELISA:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

FDA:

Food and drug administration

HIV:

Human immunodeficiency virus

HPV:

Human papillomavirus

HR-HPV:

High-risk human papillomavirus

HPyV:

Human polyomaviruses

HSV:

Herpes simplex virus

HBV:

Hepatitis B virus

HCV:

Hepatitis C virus

HCQ:

Hydroxychloroquine

HCC:

Hepatocellular carcinoma

HTLV-1:

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1

IFN:

Interferon

IL-12:

Inter lukin-12

IARC:

International agency for research on cancer

ICTV:

International committee on taxonomy of viruses

JNK:

c-Jun N-terminal kinases

KHSV:

Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus

LR-HPV:

Low-risk human papillomavirus

LMIC:

Low-middle-income country

MERS-CoV:

Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus

MCC:

Merkel cell carcinomas

MCpyV:

Merkel cell polyomavirus

mTOR:

Mammalian target of rapamycin

NAAT:

Nucleic acid amplification testing

NS1:

Non-structural protein 1

NF-kB:

Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells

ORF:

Open reading frame

PML:

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

PIKFYVE:

FYVE finger-containing phosphoinositide kinase

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

R0:

Reproductive number

RT-PCR:

Real-time reverse transcription PCR

RSV:

Rous sarcoma virus

SARS:

Severe acute respiratory syndrome

SARS-CoV-1:

Severe acute respiratory syndrome conronavirus-1

SARS-CoV-2:

Severe acute respiratory syndrome conronavirus-2

SiRNA:

Small interfering RNA

STI:

Sexually transmitted infection

STV:

Sexually transmitted virus

STD:

Sexually transmitted disease

ssDNA:

Single-strand DNA

sgRNA:

Single guide RNA

STAT3:

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3

TMPRSS2:

Transmembrane protease, serine 2

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

VIA:

Visual inspections with acetic acid

WHO:

World health organization

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Stem Cell and Cancer Research Lab, Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, 201313, India

    Shilpi Gupta, Prabhat Kumar & Bhudev C. Das

  2. Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research (ICMR), I-7, Sector-39, Noida, 201301, India

    Shilpi Gupta

  3. Laboratory of Disease Dynamics and Molecular Epidemiology, Amity Institute of Public Health, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, 201313, India

    Ankan Mukherjee Das

  4. Felix Hospital, Sector 137, Noida, 201305, India

    Shilpi Gupta & D. K. Gupta

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  1. Shilpi Gupta
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  2. Prabhat Kumar
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  3. Ankan Mukherjee Das
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  4. D. K. Gupta
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  5. Bhudev C. Das
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Correspondence to Bhudev C. Das .

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  1. Wollaton, Nottingham, UK

    Shamim I. Ahmad

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Gupta, S., Kumar, P., Mukherjee Das, A., Gupta, D.K., Das, B.C. (2021). Human Viruses: Infection, Prevention and Potential Target(s) for Therapy – A Comprehensive Review. In: Ahmad, S.I. (eds) Human Viruses: Diseases, Treatments and Vaccines . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71165-8_1

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