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Ecological Diversity

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The Lake Charr Salvelinus namaycush: Biology, Ecology, Distribution, and Management

Part of the book series: Fish & Fisheries Series ((FIFI,volume 39))

Abstract

Lake charr, Salvelinus namaycush, ecological and phenotypic diversity within and among populations was reviewed from empirical and conceptual perspectives. The species is generally the top predator in oligotrophic lakes, with diversity either constrained, or promoted by, habitat depth and complexity, available forage species, and presence or absence of competitors. Diversity in smaller lakes is generally limited to forage-based life-history variation. Large, complex lakes provide a greater array of available resources, thereby enabling diversification to capitalize on increased ecological opportunities. Morphological and ecological differentiation is common between deep-water (humper-like or siscowet-like) and shallow-water (lean-like) ecotypes, consistent with the hypothesis that foraging opportunities and selection pressures vary with lake depth. Sympatric lake charr assemblages of deep- and shallow-water ecotypes in multiple lakes (Great Slave Lake, Lake Superior, Lake Mistassini, and Rush Lake) likely arose independently in response to parallel ecological opportunities. Diversification also occurs in small lakes and within shallow-water habitats. Research is needed on (1) how habitat size, complexity, and trophic coupling affect diversity and adaptive capacity, (2) the extent of heritable versus plastic responses of lake charr to ecological opportunities and selective pressures, and (3) the ability of lake charr populations and ecotypes to respond to stressors in ecological time.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Glossary is a synthesis of the following sources: Skulason and Smith (1995), Allendorf et al. (2001), Glossary (2001), Malats and Calafell (2003), Kuparinen and Merilä (2007), Metcalf and Pavard (2007), Bolnick et al. (2011), Violle et al. (2012); Richardson et al. (2014).

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Chuck Krueger and Andrew Muir for providing early reviews for this chapter. We thank Andrew Muir for providing Fig. 4. Two anonymous reviewers and the editor Mike Hansen aided in improving the manuscript and we extend our appreciation.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biodiversity Research Centre and Zoology Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

    Louise Chavarie

  2. College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

    Colin E. Adams

  3. Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

    Colin E. Adams

  4. Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada

    Heidi K. Swanson

  5. Harkness Laboratory of Fisheries Research, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Aquatic Research and Monitoring Section, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada

    Mark S. Ridgway

  6. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada

    William M. Tonn

  7. Aquatic Genetics Laboratory, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Aquatic Research and Monitoring Section, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada

    Christopher C. Wilson

Authors
  1. Louise Chavarie
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  2. Colin E. Adams
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  3. Heidi K. Swanson
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  4. Mark S. Ridgway
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  5. William M. Tonn
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  6. Christopher C. Wilson
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Louise Chavarie .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Great Lakes Fishery Commission, Ann Arbor, USA

    Andrew M. Muir

  2. Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA

    Charles C. Krueger

  3. U.S. Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, Hammond Bay Biological Station, Millersburg, MI, USA

    Michael J. Hansen

  4. U.S. Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Stephen C. Riley

Glossary

Glossary is a synthesis of the following sources: Skulason and Smith (1995), Allendorf et al. (2001), Glossary (2001), Malats and Calafell (2003), Kuparinen and Merilä (2007), Metcalf and Pavard (2007), Bolnick et al. (2011), Violle et al. (2012); Richardson et al. (2014).

Adaptation

The evolution of heritable traits in a population that result in higher fitness of individuals with those traits.

Adaptive divergence

The evolution of differences between populations as a result of adaptation to different environmental conditions and divergent natural selection.

Allopatry

Geographical separation, such that members of two or more populations fail to encounter one another.

Continuous variation

Variation that follows a normal distribution in the population.

Discrete variation

Variation that is discontinuous in the population.

Disruptive selection

Natural selection within a single population toward two or more different phenotypes, for example, when large or small individuals have an advantage over those of intermediate size.

Divergent selection

Natural selection in different directions within each of several populations, for example, when large size is favored in one population, whereas small size is favored in another.

Eco-evolutionary dynamics

Effects of ecological changes on evolutionary dynamics or the effects of evolutionary changes on ecological dynamics; feedbacks arise when a loop links both directions of effect.

Ecological speciation

The evolution of reproductive isolation caused ultimately by divergent natural selection on traits between populations (or disruptive selection between phenotypes of a single population) in different environments (including use of different resources).

Ecotype

An ecologically and phenotypically distinct group of individuals that belong to the same species.

Effective population size (Ne)

The size of an “ideal” (stable, random mating) population that results in the same degree of genetic drift or inbreeding as observed in the actual population.

Functional trait

Any trait affecting, directly or indirectly, individual performance and fitness of species.

Genotype

The genetic constitution of an organism, which is modulated by the environment before being expressed as a phenotype.

Intraspecific diversity

Variation occurring within a species.

Introgression

Gene flow between populations whose individuals hybridize.

Phenotype

The outward expression of an individual’s genotype as affected by the environment (see “trait” below).

Phenotypic variation

Variation within or among populations for an expressed trait that can be due to either phenotypic plasticity or genetic variation.

Phenotypic divergence

Divergence of trait means between two or more populations or subpopulations.

Phenotypic plasticity

The ability of the same genotype to produce or express different phenotypes.

Reproductive isolation

Absence or severe restriction of gene flow between populations whose members are in contact with one another.

Resource polymorphism

Occurrence of different phenotypes associated with segregation in habitat and diet.

Sympatry

Absence of geographical separation, such that all individuals have the same chance of meeting each other.

Trait

Any morphological, physiological, phenological, or behavioral feature measurable at the individual level.

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Chavarie, L., Adams, C.E., Swanson, H.K., Ridgway, M.S., Tonn, W.M., Wilson, C.C. (2021). Ecological Diversity. In: Muir, A.M., Krueger, C.C., Hansen, M.J., Riley, S.C. (eds) The Lake Charr Salvelinus namaycush: Biology, Ecology, Distribution, and Management. Fish & Fisheries Series, vol 39. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62259-6_4

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