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Methods for Measuring Exchangeable Protons in Glycosaminoglycans

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Glycosaminoglycans

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 2303))

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Abstract

Recent NMR studies of the exchangeable protons of GAGs in aqueous solution, including those of the amide, sulfamate, and hydroxyl moieties, have demonstrated potential for the detection of intramolecular hydrogen bonds providing insights into secondary structure preferences. GAG amide protons are observable by NMR over wide pH and temperature ranges; however, specific solution conditions are required to reduce the exchange rate of the sulfamate and hydroxyl protons and allow their detection by NMR. Building on the vast body of knowledge on detection of hydrogen bonds in peptides and proteins, a variety of methods can be used to identify hydrogen bonds in GAGs including temperature coefficient measurements, evaluation of chemical shift differences between oligo- and monosaccharides, and relative exchange rates measured through line shape analysis and EXSY spectra. Emerging strategies to allow direct detection of hydrogen bonds through heteronuclear couplings offer promise for the future. Molecular dynamic simulations are important in this effort both to predict and confirm hydrogen bond donors and acceptors.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Science Foundation grant CHE–1213845 to C.K.L. C.B. acknowledges support through a UCR GRMP fellowship and US Department of Education, GAANN Award #P200A120170.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of the Canyons, Santa Clarita, CA, USA

    Consuelo N. Beecher

  2. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA

    Cynthia K. Larive

Authors
  1. Consuelo N. Beecher
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  2. Cynthia K. Larive
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Cynthia K. Larive .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Biology, Bioengineering, and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA

    Kuberan Balagurunathan

  2. Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

    Hiroshi Nakato

  3. Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA

    Umesh Desai

  4. Department of Neurobiology & Department of Nutrition & Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA

    Yukio Saijoh

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Beecher, C.N., Larive, C.K. (2022). Methods for Measuring Exchangeable Protons in Glycosaminoglycans. In: Balagurunathan, K., Nakato, H., Desai, U., Saijoh, Y. (eds) Glycosaminoglycans. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2303. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1398-6_29

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1398-6_29

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  • Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-0716-1397-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-0716-1398-6

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