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Structure and Function of Surface Polysaccharides of Staphylococcus aureus

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Staphylococcus aureus

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology ((CT MICROBIOLOGY,volume 409))

Abstract

The major surface polysaccharides of Staphylococcus aureus include the capsular polysaccharide (CP), cell wall teichoic acid (WTA), and polysaccharide intercellular adhesin/poly-β(1-6)-N-acetylglucosamine (PIA/PNAG). These glycopolymers are important components of the staphylococcal cell envelope, but none of them is essential to S. aureus viability and growth in vitro. The overall biosynthetic pathways of CP, WTA, and PIA/PNAG have been elucidated, and the functions of most of the biosynthetic enzymes have been demonstrated. Because S. aureus CP and WTA (but not PIA/PNAG) utilize a common cell membrane lipid carrier (undecaprenyl-phosphate) that is shared by the peptidoglycan biosynthesis pathway, there is evidence that these processes are highly integrated and temporally regulated. Regulatory elements that control glycopolymer biosynthesis have been described, but the cross talk that orchestrates the biosynthetic pathways of these three polysaccharides remains largely elusive. CP, WTA, and PIA/PNAG each play distinct roles in S. aureus colonization and the pathogenesis of staphylococcal infection. However, they each promote bacterial evasion of the host immune defences, and WTA is being explored as a target for antimicrobial therapeutics. All the three glycopolymers are viable targets for immunotherapy, and each (conjugated to a carrier protein) is under evaluation for inclusion in a multivalent S. aureus vaccine. Future research findings that increase our understanding of these surface polysaccharides, how the bacterial cell regulates their expression, and their biological functions will likely reveal new approaches to controlling this important bacterial pathogen.

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Abbreviations

BY-kinases:

Bacterial tyrosine kinases

CP:

Capsular polysaccharide

d-FucNAc:

d-N-acetyl fucosamine

d-GlcNAc:

d-N-acetyl glucosamine

d-ManNAc:

d-N-acetyl mannosamine

d-ManNAcA:

d-N-acetyl mannosaminuronic acid

GroP:

Glycerol phosphate

HGT:

Horizontal gene transfer

l-FucNAc:

l-N-acetyl fucosamine

MBL:

Mannose-binding lectin

MurNAc:

N-acetyl muramic acid

NT:

Nontypeable

PIA:

Polysaccharide intercellular adhesin

PNAG:

Poly-β(1-6)-N-acetylglucosamine

PG:

Peptidoglycan

RboP:

Ribitol phosphate

UDP:

Undecaprenyl-phosphate

WTA:

Wall teichoic acid

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, University of Tübingen and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen, Germany

    Christopher Weidenmaier

  2. Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA

    Jean C. Lee

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  1. Christopher Weidenmaier
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  2. Jean C. Lee
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Correspondence to Jean C. Lee .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. GSK Vaccines, Siena, Italy

    Fabio Bagnoli

  2. GSK Vaccines, Siena, Italy

    Rino Rappuoli

  3. Center for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy

    Guido Grandi

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Weidenmaier, C., Lee, J.C. (2015). Structure and Function of Surface Polysaccharides of Staphylococcus aureus . In: Bagnoli, F., Rappuoli, R., Grandi, G. (eds) Staphylococcus aureus. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 409. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2015_5018

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