Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Passive Sampling of Waterborne Contaminants

  • Protocol
  • First Online:
In Situ Bioavailability and Toxicity of Organic Chemicals in Aquatic Systems

Part of the book series: Methods in Pharmacology and Toxicology ((MIPT))

Abstract

Passive sampling is a method that can conveniently be used for monitoring of organic contaminants in the aquatic environment comprising its various compartments. The time-integrating properties of passive sampling in combination with the application of a sampling matrix (polymers) with well-defined and constant properties make it possible to achieve a lower inherent variability of exposure information compared to traditional whole water grab sampling. This chapter provides a practical guidance on the selection and use of passive samplers for monitoring organic contaminants in the aquatic environment that should assist users of passive samplers who wish to implement passive sampling methods in their research or monitoring work according to the state of the art. It outlines principles of passive sampling, sampler preparation, field deployment, laboratory processing for chemical and toxicological analysis, calculation of aqueous concentrations and associated uncertainty considerations. Aspects of quality assurance are also addressed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

ACN:

Acetonitrile

a-PSD:

Adsorption-based passive sampling device

BCF:

Bioconcentration factor

BDE:

Brominated diphenyl ethers

CA:

Chemical activity

C w :

Freely dissolved aqueous contaminant concentration

DCM:

Dichloromethane

DEE:

Diethyl ether

DEQ:

Degree of equilibrium

Dp:

Diffusion coefficient in polymer

DPS:

Dynamic passive sampling

EQS:

Environmental quality standards

GC/MS:

Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

HCB:

Hexachlorobenzene

HOC:

Hydrophobic organic compounds

IIS:

Instrumental internal standard

K pw :

Polymer-water partition coefficient or sorbent-water distribution coefficient

LDPE:

Low-density polyethylene

LOD:

Limit of detection

LOQ:

Limit of quantification

M :

Molar mass

mp:

Mass of polymer used as receiving phase in a passive sampler

N ∞ :

Amount of a compound in a sampler at equilibrium with sampled water

N p :

Amount of a compound accumulated in a passive sampler

PAH:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

PCB:

Polychlorinated biphenyls

PDMS:

Polydimethylsiloxane

PES:

Polyethersulphone

POCIS:

Polar organic chemical integrative sampler

p-PSD:

Partitioning-based passive sampling device

PRC:

Performance reference compound

PS:

Passive sampling

PSD:

Passive sampling device

QA/QC:

Quality assurance/quality control

RIS:

Recovery internal standard

R s :

Sampling rate

SPE:

Solid phase extraction

SPMD:

Semipermeable membrane device

TWA:

Time-weighted average

WBL:

Water boundary layer

WFD:

Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC

References

  1. Landrigan PJ, Fuller R, Acosta NJR et al (2018) The Lancet Commission on pollution and health. Lancet 391:462–512

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Di Toro DM, Zarba CS, Hansen DJ et al (1991) Technical basis for establishing sediment quality criteria for nonionic organic chemicals using equilibrium partitioning. Environ Toxicol Chem 10:1541–1583. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620101203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Reichenberg F, Mayer P (2006) Two complementary sides of bioavailability: accessibility and chemical activity of organic contaminants in sediments and soils. Environ Toxicol Chem 25:1239–1245

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Cornelissen G, Breedveld GD, Næs K et al (2006) Bioaccumulation of native polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from sediment by a polychaete and a gastropod: freely dissolved concentrations and activated carbon amendment. Environ Toxicol Chem 25:2349. https://doi.org/10.1897/06-026R.1

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Vignati DAL, Valsecchi S, Polesello S et al (2009) Pollutant partitioning for monitoring surface waters. Trends Anal Chem 28:159–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2008.10.013

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Vrana B, Rusina T, Okonski K et al (2019) Chasing equilibrium passive sampling of hydrophobic organic compounds in water. Sci Total Environ 664:424–435. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2019.01.242

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Booij K, Vrana B, Huckins JN (2007) Theory, modelling and calibration of passive samplers used in water monitoring. In: Greenwood R, Mills G, Vrana B (eds) Comprehensive analytical chemistry 48. Passive sampling techniques in environmental monitoring. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 141–169

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  8. Booij K, Sleiderink HM, Smedes F (1998) Calibrating the uptake kinetics of semipermeable membrane devices using exposure standards. Environ Toxicol Chem 17:1236–1245

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Huckins JN, Petty JD, Booij K (2006) Monitors of organic chemicals in the environment: semipermeable membrane devices. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  10. Lohmann R, Booij K, Smedes F, Vrana B (2012) Use of passive sampling devices for monitoring and compliance checking of POP concentrations in water. Environ Sci Pollut Res 19:1885–1895. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-0748-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Rusina T, Smedes F, Koblizkova M, Klanova J (2010) Calibration of silicone rubber passive samplers: experimental and modeled relations between sampling rate and compound properties. Environ Sci Technol 44:362–367. https://doi.org/10.1021/es900938r

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Rusina T, Smedes F, Klanova J et al (2007) Polymer selection for passive sampling: a comparison of critical properties. Chemosphere 68:1344–1351

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. ISO (2011) ISO 5667-23:2011. Water quality—sampling—part 23: guidance on passive sampling in surface waters

    Google Scholar 

  14. Booij K, Smedes F (2010) An improved method for estimating in situ sampling rates of nonpolar passive samplers. Environ Sci Technol 44:6789–6794

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Apell JN, Tcaciuc AP, Gschwend PM (2015) Understanding the rates of nonpolar organic chemical accumulation into passive samplers deployed in the environment: guidance for passive sampler deployments. Integr Environ Assess Manag. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.1697

  16. Greenwood R, Mills GA, Vrana B (2006) Passive sampling techniques in environmental monitoring. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  17. Burgess RM (2012) Guidelines for using passive samplers to monitor organic contaminants at superfund sediment sites. EPA/600/R-11/115. Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  18. Alvarez DA (2010) Guidelines for the use of the semipermeable membrane device (SPMD) and the polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) in environmental monitoring studies. In: Collection of water data by direct measurementtechniques and methods. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, p 28

    Google Scholar 

  19. Smedes F, Booij K (2012) Guidelines for passive sampling of hydrophobic contaminants in water using silicone rubber samplers. https://doi.org/10.17895/ices.pub.5077. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Copenhagen

  20. Bäuerlein PS, Mansell JE, Ter Laak TL, De Voogt P (2012) Sorption behavior of charged and neutral polar organic compounds on solid phase extraction materials: which functional group governs sorption? Environ Sci Technol 46:954–961. https://doi.org/10.1021/es203404x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Harman C, Allan IJ, Bäuerlein PS (2011) The challenge of exposure correction for polar passive samplers—the PRC and the POCIS. Environ Sci Technol 45:9120–9121. https://doi.org/10.1021/es2033789

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Harman C, Allan IJ, Vermeirssen ELM (2012) Calibration and use of the polar organic chemical integrative sampler—a critical review. Environ Toxicol Chem 31:2724–2738. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2011

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Miège C, Mazzella N, Allan I et al (2015) Position paper on passive sampling techniques for the monitoring of contaminants in the aquatic environment—achievements to date and perspectives. Trends Environ Anal Chem 8:20–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.teac.2015.07.001

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. EU (2009) Commission Directive 2009/90/EC of 31 July 2009 laying down, pursuant to Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, technical specifications for chemical analysis and monitoring of water status. Off J Eur Union L 201:36–38

    Google Scholar 

  25. Chen C-E, Zhang H, Jones KC (2012) A novel passive water sampler for in situ sampling of antibiotics. J Environ Monit 14:1523–1530. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2em30091e

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Urik J, Vrana B (2019) An improved design of a passive sampler for polar organic compounds based on diffusion in agarose hydrogel. Environ Sci Pollut Res:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04843-6

  27. Charriau A, Lissalde S, Poulier G et al (2016) Overview of the Chemcatcher® for the passive sampling of various pollutants in aquatic environments part A: principles, calibration, preparation and analysis of the sampler. Talanta 148:556–571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2015.06.064

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Morin N, Miège C, Coquery M, Randon J (2012) Chemical calibration, performance, validation and applications of the polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) in aquatic environments. Trends Anal Chem 36:144–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2012.01.007

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Lissalde S, Charriau A, Poulier G et al (2016) Overview of the Chemcatcher® for the passive sampling of various pollutants in aquatic environments part B: field handling and environmental applications for the monitoring of pollutants and their biological effects. Talanta 148:572–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TALANTA.2015.06.076

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. POCIS. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_organic_chemical_integrative_sampler

  31. Altec Products Ltd. http://www.altecweb.com/

  32. Smedes F, Geertsma RW, Van Der Zande T, Booij K (2009) Polymer-water partition coefficients of hydrophobic compounds for passive sampling: application of cosolvent models for validation. Environ Sci Technol 43:7047–7054

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Gilbert D, Witt G, Smedes F, Mayer P (2016) Polymers as reference partitioning phase: polymer calibration for an analytically operational approach to quantify multimedia phase partitioning. Anal Chem 88:5818–5826. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00393

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Smedes F (2019) SSP silicone–, lipid– and SPMD–water partition coefficients of seventy hydrophobic organic contaminants and evaluation of the water concentration calculator for SPMD. Chemosphere 223:748–757. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2019.01.164

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Allan IJ, Christensen G, Bæk K, Evenset A (2016) Photodegradation of PAHs in passive water samplers. Mar Pollut Bull 105:249–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.02.018

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Azeotrope tables. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azeotrope_s

  37. Baltussen E, Cramers CA, Sandra PJF (2002) Sorptive sample preparation—a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 373:3–22

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Ouyang G, Pawliszyn J (2006) SPME in environmental analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 386:1059–1073. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-006-0460-z

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. David F, Sandra P (2007) Stir bar sorptive extraction for trace analysis. J Chromatogr A 1152:54–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.032

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Rusina T, Smedes F, Klanova J (2010) Diffusion coefficients of polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in polydimethylsiloxane and low-density polyethylene polymers. J Appl Polym Sci 116:1803–1810

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Narváez Valderrama JF, Baek K, Molina FJ, Allan IJ (2016) Implications of observed PBDE diffusion coefficients in low density polyethylene and silicone rubber. Environ Sci Process Impacts 18:87–94. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5em00507h

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Vrana B, Komancová L, Sobotka J (2016) Calibration of a passive sampler based on stir bar sorptive extraction for the monitoring of hydrophobic organic pollutants in water. Talanta 152:90–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2016.01.040

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Megoulas NC, Koupparis MA (2005) Twenty years of evaporative light scattering detection. Crit Rev Anal Chem 35:301–316

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Brack W, Ait-Aissa S, Burgess RM et al (2016) Effect-directed analysis supporting monitoring of aquatic environments—an in-depth overview. Sci Total Environ 544:1073–1118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.102

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Vrana B, Smedes F, Allan I et al (2018) Mobile dynamic passive sampling of trace organic compounds: evaluation of sampler performance in the Danube River. Sci Total Environ 636:1597–1607

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Jonker MTO, van der Heijden SA, Kotte M, Smedes F (2015) Quantifying the effects of temperature and salinity on partitioning of hydrophobic organic chemicals to silicone rubber passive samplers. Environ Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00286

  47. Muijs B, Jonker MTO (2009) Temperature-dependent bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environ Sci Technol 43:4517–4523

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Whitehouse P, Paya-Perez A (2011) Common Implementation Strategyfor the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC). Guidance Document No. 27 Technical Guidance For Deriving Environmental Quality Standards, Technical. European Communities, Luxembourg

    Google Scholar 

  49. EU (2013) Directive 2013/39/EU of the European Parlament and of the Council of 12 August 2013 amending Directives 2000/60/EC and 2008/105/EC as regards priority substances in the field of water policy. Off J Eur Union L226:1–17

    Google Scholar 

  50. Booij K, van Bommel R, Mets A, Dekker R (2006) Little effect of excessive biofouling on the uptake of organic contaminants by semipermeable membrane devices. Chemosphere 65:2485–2492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.04.033

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Alvarez DA, Petty JD, Huckins JN et al (2004) Development of a passive, in situ, integrative sampler for hydrophilic organic contaminants in aquatic environments. Environ Toxicol Chem 23:1640. https://doi.org/10.1897/03-603

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Li H, Helm PA, Paterson G, Metcalfe CD (2011) The effects of dissolved organic matter and pH on sampling rates for polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS). Chemosphere 83:271–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.071

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Greenwood R, Mills GA, Vrana B et al (2007) Monitoring of priority pollutants in water using Chemcatcher passive sampling devices. In: Greenwood R, Mills G, Vrana B (eds) Comprehensive analytical chemistry, vol 48. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 199–229

    Google Scholar 

  54. Miller TH, Baz-Lomba JA, Harman C et al (2016) The first attempt at non-linear in silico prediction of sampling rates for polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS). Environ Sci Technol 50:7973–7981. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b01407

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Vermeirssen E, Dietschweiler C, Escher B et al (2012) Transfer kinetics of polar organic compounds over polyethersulfone membranes in the passive samplers POCIS and Chemcatcher. Environ Sci Technol 46:6759–6766

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Charlestra L, Amirbahman A, Courtemanch DL et al (2012) Estimating pesticide sampling rates by the polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) in the presence of natural organic matter and varying hydrodynamic conditions. Environ Pollut 169:98–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.05.001

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Poulier G, Lissalde S, Charriau A et al (2014) Can POCIS be used in Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) monitoring networks? A study focusing on pesticides in a French agricultural watershed. Sci Total Environ 497:282–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.001

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Moschet C, Vermeirssen ELM, Singer H et al (2015) Evaluation of in-situ calibration of Chemcatcher passive samplers for 322 micropollutants in agricultural and urban affected rivers. Water Res 71:306–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.12.043

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Harman C, Reid M, Thomas KV (2011) In situ calibration of a passive sampling device for selected illicit drugs and their metabolites in wastewater, and subsequent year-long assessment of community drug usage. Environ Sci Technol 45:5676–5682. https://doi.org/10.1021/es201124j

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Petrie B, Gravell A, Mills GA et al (2016) In situ calibration of a New Chemcatcher configuration for the determination of polar organic micropollutants in wastewater effluent. Environ Sci Technol acs.est.6b02216. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b02216

  61. Kaserzon SL, Hawker DW, Booij K et al (2014) Passive sampling of perfluorinated chemicals in water: in-situ calibration. Environ Pollut 186:98–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.11.030

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Carpinteiro I, Schopfer A, Estoppey N et al (2016) Evaluation of performance reference compounds (PRCs) to monitor emerging polar contaminants by polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) in rivers. Anal Bioanal Chem 408:1067–1078. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-9199-8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Booij K, Vrana B, Huckins JN (2007) Chapter 7 theory, modelling and calibration of passive samplers used in water monitoring. Compr Anal Chem 48:141–169

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Novák J, Vrana B, Rusina T et al (2018) Effect-based monitoring of the Danube River using mobile passive sampling. Sci Total Environ 636:1608–1619

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Website of the European Ferrybox Community (2014) http://www.ferrybox.org/

  66. Vrana B, Smedes F, Rusina T et al (2015) Passive sampling: chemical analysis and toxicological profiling. In: Liška I, Wagner F, Sengl M et al (eds) Joint Danube Survey 3. ICPDR – International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River, Vienna, pp 304–315

    Google Scholar 

  67. Allan IJ, Nilsson HC, Tjensvoll I et al (2011) Mobile passive samplers: concept for a novel mode of exposure. Environ Pollut 159:2393–2397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.06.039

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Vrana B, Popp P, Paschke A, Schuurmann G (2001) Membrane-enclosed sorptive coating. An integrative passive sampler for monitoring organiccontaminants in water. Anal Chem 73:5191–5200

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Horwitz W, Kamps LR, Boyer KW (1980) Quality assurance in the analysis of foods and trace constituents. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 63:1344–1354

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Booij K, Smedes F, Crum S (2017) Laboratory performance study for passive sampling of nonpolar chemicals in water. Environ Toxicol Chem 36:1156–1161. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.3657

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Difilippo EL, Eganhouse RP (2010) Assessment of PDMS-water partition coefficients: implications for passive environmental sampling of hydrophobic organic compounds. Environ Sci Technol 44:6917–6925

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Booij K, Smedes F, Allan IJ (2017) Guidelines for determining polymer-water and polymer-polymer partition coefficients of organic compounds. ICES Techniques in Marine Environmental Sciences. No. 61. https://doi.org/10.17895/ices.pub.3285

  73. Smedes F (2018) Silicone–water partition coefficients determined by cosolvent method for chlorinated pesticides, musks, organo phosphates, phthalates and more. Chemosphere 210:662–671. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2018.07.054

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Smedes F (2018) Corrigendum to “Silicone–water partition coefficients determined by cosolvent method for chlorinated pesticides, musks, organo phosphates, phthalates and more” [Chemosphere 210 (2018) 662–671] (Chemosphere (2018) 210 (662–671), (S0045653518313122), (10.10. Chemosphere 212:1180

    Google Scholar 

  75. Yates K, Davies I, Webster L et al (2007) Passive sampling: partition coefficients for a silicone rubber reference phase. J Environ Monit 9:1116–1121

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Müller JF, Manomanii K, Mortimer MR, McLachlan MS (2001) Partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the polyethylene/water. Fresenius J Anal Chem 371:816–822

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Adams RG, Lohmann R, Fernandez LA et al (2007) Polyethylene devices: passive samplers for measuring dissolved hydrophobic organic compounds in aquatic environments. Environ Sci Technol 41:1317–1323

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Fernandez LA, MacFarlane JK, Tcaciuc AP, Gschwend PM (2009) Measurement of freely dissolved PAH concentrations in sediment beds using passive sampling with low-density polyethylene strips. Environ Sci Technol 43:1430–1436

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Hale SE, Martin TJ, Goss K-U et al (2010) Partitioning of organochlorine pesticides from water to polyethylene passive samplers. Environ Pollut 158:2511–2517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.03.010

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Agilent_Technologies. What are the common contaminants in my GCMS. https://www.agilent.com/cs/library/Support/Documents/FAQ232 F05001.pdf

  81. Dulio V, Carere M, Hanke G et al (2010) Guidance document No. 25 Guidance on chemical monitoring of sediment and biota under the Water Framework Directive. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg

    Google Scholar 

  82. Common implementation strategy for the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC). Guidance document no. 33 on analytical methods for biota monitoring under the Water Framework Directive. https://circabc.europa.eu/sd/a/9cf535ba-14f2-4f0f-b75e-e334ad506caf/Guidance No 33—Analytical Methods for Biota Monitoring.pdf

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the SOLUTIONS Project supported by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7-ENV-2013-two-stage Collaborative project) and the Czech Science Foundation grant no. GACR 20-04676X “Holistic exposure and effect potential assessment of complex chemical mixtures in the aquatic environment”. The research activities were carried out in the RECETOX Research Infrastructure supported by the Czech Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (LM2018121) and the European Structural and Investment Funds, Operational Programme Research, Development and Education (CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001761).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Science, Centre RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic

    Branislav Vrana, Foppe Smedes & Klára Hilscherová

Authors
  1. Branislav Vrana
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Foppe Smedes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Klára Hilscherová
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Branislav Vrana .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Hygiene-Institut des Ruhrgebiets, Gelsenkirchen, Germany

    Thomas-Benjamin Seiler

  2. Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada

    Markus Brinkmann

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this protocol

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this protocol

Vrana, B., Smedes, F., Hilscherová, K. (2020). Passive Sampling of Waterborne Contaminants. In: Seiler, TB., Brinkmann, M. (eds) In Situ Bioavailability and Toxicity of Organic Chemicals in Aquatic Systems. Methods in Pharmacology and Toxicology. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/7653_2020_43

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/7653_2020_43

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-0716-2352-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-0716-2353-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation