Abstract
Stem cells are valuable tools in regenerative medicine because they can generate a wide variety of cell types and tissues that can be used to treat or replace damaged tissues and organs. However, challenges related to the application of stem cells in the scope of regenerative medicine have urged scientists to utilize nanomedicine as a prerequisite to circumvent some of these hurdles. Nanomedicine plays a crucial role in this process and manipulates surface biology, the fate of stem cells, and biomaterials. Many attempts have been made to modify cellular behavior and improve their regenerative ability using nano-based strategies. Notably, nanotechnology applications in regenerative medicine and cellular therapies are controversial because of ethical and legal considerations. Therefore, this review describes nanotechnology in cell-based applications and focuses on newly proposed nano-based approaches. Cutting-edge strategies to engineer biological tissues and the ethical, legal, and social considerations of nanotechnology in regenerative nanomedicine applications are also discussed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Abbreviations
- 2D:
-
Two-dimensional
- 3D:
-
Three-dimensional
- Ab:
-
Antibody
- AuNP:
-
Gold nanoparticle
- BM:
-
Bone marrow
- CD:
-
Cluster of differentiation
- CLNP:
-
Cationic lipid nanoparticle
- CNT:
-
Carbon nanotube
- CPP:
-
Cell-penetrating peptide
- DDS:
-
Drug delivery system
- Dex:
-
Dexamethasone
- ECM:
-
Extracellular matrix
- EMA:
-
European Medicines Agency
- ESC:
-
Embryonic stem cell
- EU:
-
European Union
- EV:
-
Extracellular vesicle
- FDA:
-
Food and Drug Administration
- FITC:
-
Fluorescein isothiocyanate
- GAG:
-
Glycosaminoglycan
- GF:
-
Growth factor
- GO:
-
Graphene oxide
- hASC:
-
Human adipose stem cell
- hESC:
-
Human embryonic stem cell
- hMSC:
-
Human mesenchymal stromal cell
- HA:
-
Hyaluronic acid
- HIV-1 Tat:
-
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 trans-activating regulatory protein
- iPSC:
-
Induced pluripotent stem cell
- IVF:
-
In vitro fertilization
- kPa:
-
Kilopascal
- MNP:
-
Magnetic nanoparticle
- MPI:
-
Magnetic particle imaging
- MRI:
-
Magnetic resonance imaging
- MACS:
-
Magnetic-activated cell sorting
- MSC:
-
Mesenchymal stromal cell
- NGF:
-
Nerve growth factor
- NKT:
-
Natural killer T cell
- NP:
-
Nanoparticle
- PA:
-
Photoacoustic
- PBAE:
-
Poly(β-amino ester)
- PCL:
-
(poly-É›-caprolactone)
- PEG:
-
Polyethylene glycol
- PEI:
-
Polyethyleneimine
- PET:
-
Positron emission tomography
- PGA:
-
Polyglycolic acid
- PLA:
-
Polylactic acid
- PNIPAM:
-
Poly-N-Isopropylacrylamide
- PVA:
-
Polyvinyl alcohol
- PVP:
-
Polyvinylpyrrolidone
- QD:
-
Quantum dot
- RM:
-
Regenerative medicine
- siRNA:
-
Small interfering RNA
- SLNP:
-
Solid lipid nanoparticle
- SPION:
-
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle
- TDN:
-
Tetrahedral DNA nanostructure
- VEGF:
-
Vascular endothelial growth factor
References
Adibfar A et al (2018) VEGF delivery by smart polymeric PNIPAM nanoparticles affects both osteogenic and angiogenic capacities of human bone marrow stem cells. Mater Sci Eng C 93:790–799
Afshar L et al (2020) Ethics of research on stem cells and regenerative medicine: ethical guidelines in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Stem Cell Res Ther 11(1):396
Allhoff F, Lin P (2008) Nanotechnology & society: current and emerging ethical issues. Springer
Alvarez-Erviti L et al (2011) Delivery of siRNA to the mouse brain by systemic injection of targeted exosomes. Nat Biotechnol 29(4):341–345
Ansari S et al (2019) Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization and functionalization for biomedical applications in the central nervous system. Materials (Basel) 12(3)
Arisaka Y et al (2016) A heparin-modified thermoresponsive surface with heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor for maintaining hepatic functions in vitro and harvesting hepatocyte sheets. Regen Therap 3:97–106
Aswendt M et al (2015) Novel bimodal iron oxide particles for efficient tracking of human neural stem cells in vivo. Nanomedicine (Lond) 10(16):2499–2512
Baei P et al (2020) Electrically conductive materials for in vitro cardiac microtissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 108(5):1203–1213
Bakalova R et al (2007) Designing quantum-dot probes. Nat Photonics 1(9):487–489
Barrow M et al (2016) Co-precipitation of DEAE-dextran coated SPIONs: how synthesis conditions affect particle properties, stem cell labelling and MR contrast. Contrast Media Mol Imaging 11(5):362–370
Bhat R, Bissell MJ (2014) Of plasticity and specificity: dialectics of the microenvironment and macroenvironment and the organ phenotype. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Dev Biol 3(2):147–163
Bondi ML et al (2007) Novel cationic solid-lipid nanoparticles as non-viral vectors for gene delivery. J Drug Target 15(4):295–301
Boulaiz H et al (2011) Nanomedicine: application areas and development prospects. Int J Mol Sci 12(5):3303–3321
Bulte JW (2009) In vivo MRI cell tracking: clinical studies. AJR Am J Roentgenol 193(2):314–325
Bulte JW, Kraitchman DL (2004a) Monitoring cell therapy using iron oxide MR contrast agents. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 5(6):567–584
Bulte JW, Kraitchman DL (2004b) Iron oxide MR contrast agents for molecular and cellular imaging. NMR Biomed 17(7):484–499
Bulte JW et al (1999) Neurotransplantation of magnetically labeled oligodendrocyte progenitors: magnetic resonance tracking of cell migration and myelination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96(26):15256–15261
Carola Esposito C et al (2017) 3D printing of hydroxyapatite polymer-based composites for bone tissue engineering. J Polym Eng 37(8):741–746
Chan S, Harris J (2008) Adam’s fibroblast? The (pluri)potential of iPCs. J Med Ethics 34(2):64–66
Chemaly ER et al (2005) Tracking stem cells in the cardiovascular system. Trends Cardiovasc Med 15(8):297–302
Choi SM et al (2013) Porous three-dimensional PVA/gelatin sponge for skin tissue engineering. Int J Polym Mater Polym Biomater 62(7):384–389
Choi YJ et al (2017) 3D cell printed tissue analogues: a new platform for theranostics. Theranostics 7(12):3118–3137
Cicha I et al (2018) From design to the clinic: practical guidelines for translating cardiovascular nanomedicine. Cardiovasc Res 114(13):1714–1727
Corot C et al (2006) Recent advances in iron oxide nanocrystal technology for medical imaging. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 58(14):1471–1504
Cromer Berman SM et al (2013) Cell motility of neural stem cells is reduced after SPIO-labeling, which is mitigated after exocytosis. Magn Reson Med 69(1):255–262
Donnelly H, Salmeron-Sanchez M, Dalby MJ (2018) Designing stem cell niches for differentiation and self-renewal. J R Soc Interface 15(145)
Dosta P, Ramos V, Borrós S (2018) Stable and efficient generation of poly(β-amino ester)s for RNAi delivery. Mol Syst Design Eng 3(4):677–689
Duffy N et al (2020) Investigation of nanostar-labeled mesenchymal stem cells for in vivo cell tracking in osteoarthritis using optoacoustic imaging. Osteoarthr Cartil 28:S302
Engel E et al (2008) Nanotechnology in regenerative medicine: the materials side. Trends Biotechnol 26(1):39–47
Engler AJ et al (2006) Matrix elasticity directs stem cell lineage specification. Cell 126(4):677–689
Fahy G (2002) Dr. William Haseltine on regenerative medicine, aging andhuman immortality. Life Ext 8(7):58
Gao Y et al (2016) Highly branched poly(beta-amino esters) for non-viral gene delivery: high transfection efficiency and low toxicity achieved by increasing molecular weight. Biomacromolecules 17(11):3640–3647
Gilbert PM et al (2010) Substrate elasticity regulates skeletal muscle stem cell self-renewal in culture. Science 329(5995):1078–1081
Gorzkiewicz M et al (2020) Application of new lysine-based peptide dendrimers D3K2 and D3G2 for gene delivery: specific cytotoxicity to cancer cells and transfection in vitro. Bioorg Chem 95:103504
Grady ST et al (2019) Persistence of fluorescent nanoparticle-labelled bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vitro and after intra-articular injection. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 13(2):191–202
Gu W et al (2007) Measuring cell motility using quantum dot probes. Methods Mol Biol 374:125–131
Gu L et al (2018) Stem cell tracking using effective self-assembled peptide-modified superparamagnetic nanoparticles. Nanoscale 10(34):15967–15979
Guldris N et al (2017) Magnetite nanoparticles for stem cell labeling with high efficiency and long-term in vivo tracking. Bioconjug Chem 28(2):362–370
Halamoda-Kenzaoui B et al (2019) Mapping of the available standards against the regulatory needs for nanomedicines. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 11(1):e1531
Han M et al (2001) Quantum-dot-tagged microbeads for multiplexed optical coding of biomolecules. Nat Biotechnol 19(7):631–635
Han YL et al (2014) Engineering physical microenvironment for stem cell based regenerative medicine. Drug Discov Today 19(6):763–773
Haring AP, Sontheimer H, Johnson BN (2017) Microphysiological human brain and neural systems-on-a-chip: potential alternatives to small animal models and emerging platforms for drug discovery and personalized medicine. Stem Cell Rev Rep 13(3):381–406
Hasan A et al (2018) Nanoparticles in tissue engineering: applications, challenges and prospects. Int J Nanomedicine 13:5637–5655
Hoshino A et al (2005) Simultaneous multicolor detection system of the single-molecular microbial antigen with total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. Microbiol Immunol 49(5):461–470
Hsieh FY, Lin HH, Hsu SH (2015) 3D bioprinting of neural stem cell-laden thermoresponsive biodegradable polyurethane hydrogel and potential in central nervous system repair. Biomaterials 71:48–57
Huang X et al (2006) A resonance energy transfer between chemiluminescent donors and luminescent quantum-dots as acceptors (CRET). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 45(31):5140–5143
Huang TQ et al (2014) 3D printing of biomimetic microstructures for cancer cell migration. Biomed Microdevices 16(1):127–132
Huang Z et al (2015) Magnetic resonance hypointensive signal primarily originates from extracellular iron particles in the long-term tracking of mesenchymal stem cells transplanted in the infarcted myocardium. Int J Nanomedicine 10:1679–1690
Jahangir S et al (2018) 3D-porous beta-tricalcium phosphate-alginate-gelatin scaffold with DMOG delivery promotes angiogenesis and bone formation in rat calvarial defects. J Mater Sci Mater Med 30(1):1
Jahed V et al (2020) Quantum dots-βcyclodextrin-histidine labeled human adipose stem cells-laden chitosan hydrogel for bone tissue engineering. Nanomedicine 27:102217
Kami D et al (2014) Pleiotropic functions of magnetic nanoparticles for ex vivo gene transfer. Nanomedicine 10(6):1165–1174
Kang LH et al (2017) Optimizing photo-encapsulation viability of heart valve cell types in 3D printable composite hydrogels. Ann Biomed Eng 45(2):360–377
Kania G et al (2018) Uptake and bioreactivity of charged chitosan-coated superparamagnetic nanoparticles as promising contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging. Nanomedicine 14(1):131–140
Kelly BJSRA (2010) Nanomedicines: regulatory challenges and risks ahead
Khang D et al (2010) Nanotechnology for regenerative medicine. Biomed Microdevices 12(4):575–587
Kim E et al (2015a) Discovery, understanding, and bioapplication of organic fluorophore: a case study with an indolizine-based novel fluorophore, Seoul-Fluor. Acc Chem Res 48(3):538–547
Kim H et al (2015b) VEGF therapeutic gene delivery using dendrimer type bio-reducible polymer into human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). J Control Release 220(Pt A):222–228
Kington RS, M.D., Ph.D., Acting Director, NIH. National Institutes of Health Guidelines for Human Stem Cell Research. 2009 [cited 2019 11/09/2019]; Available from: https://stemcells.nih.gov/policy/2009-guidelines.htm
Kirschner CM, Anseth KS (2013) Hydrogels in healthcare: from static to dynamic material microenvironments. Acta Mater 61(3):931–944
Kotobuki N et al (2005) Observation of osteogenic differentiation cascade of living mesenchymal stem cells on transparent hydroxyapatite ceramics. Biomaterials 26(7):779–785
Kozielski KL et al (2014) Bioreducible cationic polymer-based nanoparticles for efficient and environmentally triggered cytoplasmic siRNA delivery to primary human brain cancer cells. ACS Nano 8(4):3232–3241
Kundrotas G et al (2019) Uptake and distribution of carboxylated quantum dots in human mesenchymal stem cells: cell growing density matters. J Nanobiotechnol 17(1):39
Lassenberger A et al (2017) Individually stabilized, superparamagnetic nanoparticles with controlled shell and size leading to exceptional stealth properties and high relaxivities. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9(4):3343–3353
Lee KB et al (2002) Protein nanoarrays generated by dip-pen nanolithography. Science 295(5560):1702–1705
Lei Y et al (2008) Applications of mesenchymal stem cells labeled with Tat peptide conjugated quantum dots to cell tracking in mouse body. Bioconjug Chem 19(2):421–427
Lewin M et al (2000) Tat peptide-derivatized magnetic nanoparticles allow in vivo tracking and recovery of progenitor cells. Nat Biotechnol 18(4):410–414
Li W et al (2013) 3D graphene oxide-polymer hydrogel: near-infrared light-triggered active scaffold for reversible cell capture and on-demand release. Adv Mater 25(46):6737–6743
Limeres MJ et al (2019) Development and characterization of an improved formulation of cholesteryl oleate-loaded cationic solid-lipid nanoparticles as an efficient non-viral gene delivery system. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces 184:110533
Liu H et al (2015) CdSe/ZnS quantum dots-labeled mesenchymal stem cells for targeted fluorescence imaging of pancreas tissues and therapy of type 1 diabetic rats. Nanoscale Res Lett 10(1):959
Liu F et al (2016) In vitro and in vivo targeting imaging of pancreatic cancer using a Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoprobe modified with anti-mesothelin antibody. Int J Nanomedicine 11:2195–2207
Lu M et al (2018) Dual-modal photoacoustic and magnetic resonance tracking of tendon stem cells with PLGA/iron oxide microparticles in vitro. PLoS One 13(4):e0193362
Ma PX (2008) Biomimetic materials for tissue engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 60(2):184–198
Ma Z, Wang Y, Li H (2020) Applications of extracellular vesicles in tissue regeneration. Biomicrofluidics 14(1):011501
Mabrouk M et al (2019) Nanoparticle- and nanoporous-membrane-mediated delivery of therapeutics. Pharmaceutics 11(6)
Mahajan S et al (2013) Preparation and in vitro evaluation of folate-receptor-targeted SPION-polymer micelle hybrids for MRI contrast enhancement in cancer imaging. Nanotechnology 24(1):015603
Majidi S et al (2016) Current methods for synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 44(2):722–734
Markides H et al (2019) Ex vivo MRI cell tracking of autologous mesenchymal stromal cells in an ovine osteochondral defect model. Stem Cell Res Ther 10(1):25
Meola A et al (2018) Gold nanoparticles for brain tumor imaging: a systematic review. Front Neurol 9:328
Molaabasi F et al (2018) Shape-controlled synthesis of luminescent hemoglobin capped hollow porous platinum nanoclusters and their application to catalytic oxygen reduction and cancer imaging. Sci Rep 8(1):14507
Moore KA, Lemischka IR (2006) Stem cells and their niches. Science 311(5769):1880–1885
Munn D (2001) Moral issues of human embryo research. Science 293(5528):211
Musyanovych A, Landfester K (2014) Polymer micro- and nanocapsules as biological carriers with multifunctional properties. Macromol Biosci 14(4):458–477
Nair LS, Laurencin CT (2007) Biodegradable polymers as biomaterials. Prog Polym Sci 32(8):762–798
Najafi-Hajivar S et al (2016) Overview on experimental models of interactions between nanoparticles and the immune system. Biomed Pharmacother 83:1365–1378
Naqvi S et al (2009) Impact of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedical applications. Recent Pat Drug Deliv Formul 3(2):153–161
Nassireslami E, Ajdarzade M (2018) Gold coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as effective nanoparticles to eradicate breast cancer cells via photothermal therapy. Adv Pharm Bull 8(2):201–209
Nejati E et al (2009) Needle-like nano hydroxyapatite/poly(l-lactide acid) composite scaffold for bone tissue engineering application. Mater Sci Eng C 29(3):942–949
Nguyen LTB et al (2019) Development of thermo-responsive polycaprolactone macrocarriers conjugated with Poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) for cell culture. Sci Rep 9(1):3477
Park J et al (2007) Nanosize and vitality: TiO2 nanotube diameter directs cell fate. Nano Lett 7(6):1686–1691
Park JW, Hwang SR, Yoon IS (2017) Advanced growth factor delivery systems in wound management and skin regeneration. Molecules 22(8)
Park GK et al (2019) Lysosome-targeted bioprobes for sequential cell tracking from macroscopic to microscopic scales. Adv Mater 31(14):e1806216
Patra JK et al (2018) Nano based drug delivery systems: recent developments and future prospects. J Nanobiotechnol 16(1):71
Pecot T et al (2015) Background fluorescence estimation and vesicle segmentation in live cell imaging with conditional random fields. IEEE Trans Image Process 24(2):667–680
Petreaca M, Martins-Green M (2019) Chapter 2: Cell–extracellular matrix interactions in repair and regeneration. In: Atala A et al (eds) Principles of regenerative medicine, 3rd edn. Academic Press, Boston, pp 15–35
Phinney DG, Pittenger MF (2017) Concise review: MSC-derived exosomes for cell-free therapy. Stem Cells 35(4):851–858
Pickard MR et al (2015) Using magnetic nanoparticles for gene transfer to neural stem cells: stem cell propagation method influences outcomes. J Funct Biomater 6(2):259–276
Ramani K et al (1998) Site-specific gene delivery in vivo through engineered Sendai viral envelopes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95(20):11886–11890
Ramos-Gomez M, Seiz EG, Martinez-Serrano A (2015) Optimization of the magnetic labeling of human neural stem cells and MRI visualization in the hemiparkinsonian rat brain. J Nanobiotechnol 13:20
Riazifar M et al (2019) Stem cell-derived exosomes as nanotherapeutics for autoimmune and neurodegenerative disorders. ACS Nano 13(6):6670–6688
Richards D et al (2017) 3D bioprinting for vascularized tissue fabrication. Ann Biomed Eng 45(1):132–147
Rosen AB et al (2007) Finding fluorescent needles in the cardiac haystack: tracking human mesenchymal stem cells labeled with quantum dots for quantitative in vivo three-dimensional fluorescence analysis. Stem Cells 25(8):2128–2138
Salaita K, Wang Y, Mirkin CA (2007) Applications of dip-pen nanolithography. Nat Nanotechnol 2(3):145–155
Santoso MR, Yang PC (2016) Magnetic nanoparticles for targeting and imaging of stem cells in myocardial infarction. Stem Cells Int 2016:4198790
Servant A et al (2016) Gadolinium-functionalised multi-walled carbon nanotubes as a T1 contrast agent for MRI cell labelling and tracking. Carbon 97:126–133
Slotkin JR et al (2007) In vivo quantum dot labeling of mammalian stem and progenitor cells. Dev Dyn 236(12):3393–3401
Soares S et al (2018) Nanomedicine: principles, properties, and regulatory issues. Front Chem 6:360
Soleymani-Goloujeh M et al (2017) Effects of N-terminal and C-terminal modification on cytotoxicity and cellular uptake of amphiphilic cell penetrating peptides. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol:1–13
Sykova E, Jendelova P (2007) Migration, fate and in vivo imaging of adult stem cells in the CNS. Cell Death Differ 14(7):1336–1342
Tran KTM, Nguyen TD (2017) Lithography-based methods to manufacture biomaterials at small scales. J Sci Adv Mater Dev 2(1):1–14
Traphagen S, Yelick PC (2009) Reclaiming a natural beauty: whole-organ engineering with natural extracellular materials. Regen Med 4(5):747–758
Tutkun L et al (2017) Anti-epidermal growth factor receptor aptamer and antibody conjugated SPIONs targeted to breast cancer cells: a comparative approach. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 17(3):1681–1697
Unni M et al (2020) Engineering magnetic nanoparticles and their integration with microfluidics for cell isolation. J Colloid Interface Sci 564:204–215
Unterweger H et al (2018) Dextran-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for magnetic resonance imaging: evaluation of size-dependent imaging properties, storage stability and safety. Int J Nanomedicine 13:1899–1915
Wang YX, Hussain SM, Krestin GP (2001) Superparamagnetic iron oxide contrast agents: physicochemical characteristics and applications in MR imaging. Eur Radiol 11(11):2319–2331
Wang Y et al (2014) A magnetic nanoparticle-based multiple-gene delivery system for transfection of porcine kidney cells. PLoS One 9(7):e102886
Wang H et al (2017) A nano-in-micro system for enhanced stem cell therapy of ischemic diseases. ACS Cent Sci 3(8):875–885
Wang W, Liu Z, Lan X (2019) Quantum dot-based simultaneous multicolor imaging. Mol Imaging Biol
Wang Z et al (2020) Global trends of organoid and organ-on-a-chip in the past decade: a bibliometric and comparative study. Tissue Eng Part A 26(11-12):656–671
Whitesides GM (2006) The origins and the future of microfluidics. Nature 442(7101):368–373
Xue J, Pisignano D, Xia Y (2020) Maneuvering the migration and differentiation of stem cells with electrospun nanofibers. Adv Sci (Weinh) 7(15):2000735
Yang J et al (2020) Therapeutic effects of simultaneous delivery of nerve growth factor mRNA and protein via exosomes on cerebral ischemia. Mol Therapy Nucleic Acid 21:512–522
Yoo MK et al (2012) Folate-PEG-superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for lung cancer imaging. Acta Biomater 8(8):3005–3013
Yu S-M et al (2016) Bio-identity and fate of albumin-coated SPIONs evaluated in cells and by the C. elegans model. Acta Biomater 43:348–357
Yurie H et al (2017) The efficacy of a scaffold-free Bio 3D conduit developed from human fibroblasts on peripheral nerve regeneration in a rat sciatic nerve model. PLoS One 12(2):e0171448
Zhang Q, Austin RH (2012) Applications of microfluidics in stem cell biology. Bionanoscience 2(4):277–286
Zhang SJ, Wu JC (2007) Comparison of imaging techniques for tracking cardiac stem cell therapy. J Nucl Med 48(12):1916–1919
Zhang X et al (2019) Silver-quantum-dot-modified MoO3 and MnO2 paper-like freestanding films for flexible solid-state asymmetric supercapacitors. Small 15(13):e1805235
Zheng B et al (2016) Quantitative magnetic particle imaging monitors the transplantation, biodistribution, and clearance of stem cells in vivo. Theranostics 6(3):291–301
Zhou Y et al (2019) Nanoparticle modification of microfluidic cell separation for cancer cell detection and isolation. Analyst 145(1):257–267
Zhuang J et al (2020) Extracellular vesicles engineered with valency-controlled DNA nanostructures deliver CRISPR/Cas9 system for gene therapy. Nucleic Acids Res 48(16):8870–8882
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Soleymani-Goloujeh, M., Hosseini, S., Baghaban Eslaminejad, M. (2022). Advanced Nanotechnology Approaches as Emerging Tools in Cellular-Based Technologies. In: Turksen, K. (eds) Cell Biology and Translational Medicine, Volume 18. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology(), vol 1409. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2022_725
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2022_725
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-28423-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-28424-3
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)