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“So They’ll Have Somewhere to Go”: Establishing Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) for Children with Autism in the People’s Republic of China

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Abstract

Despite policy calling for compulsory education in China, many children with autism are not in school. This article examines the establishment of autism-related non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in China to meet needs not being met by the state. We focus on the background and motivation in founding and running these NGOs, after first considering the broader context of state decentralization and NGOs roles in supplementing welfare needs in reforming societies, and the educational policy context of China. This study used mixed methods, including questionnaires with open-ended and limited choice questions, and follow-up discussion email. The goals of NGO leaders—more than 50% of whom are parents of children with autism—are to make up for where government implementation of educational policy is insufficient; help others and advocate for inclusion in society; and do meaningful work. Implications from these findings are discussed.

Resume

Malgré des politiques favorisant l’éducation obligatoire en Chine, plusieurs enfants atteints d’autisme ne vont pas à l’école. Le présent article se penche sur la mise sur pied des organismes non gouvernementaux (ONG) chinois œuvrant dans le domaine de l’autisme pour répondre aux besoins non comblés par l’État. Nous nous concentrons sur les antécédents et les motivations derrière la fondation et l’exploitation de ces ONG, en considérant préalablement le contexte plus vaste de la décentralisation de l’État et les rôles que jouent les ONG pour combler les besoins sociaux des sociétés en réforme, ainsi que le contexte des politiques pédagogiques de Chine. Cette étude emploie diverses méthodes, dont des questionnaires à questions à développement et à choix limités, ainsi que des discussions de suivi par courriel. Les objectifs des dirigeants des ONG, dont plus de 50% ont des enfants atteints d’autisme, sont de compenser la mise en œuvre insuffisante des politiques gouvernementales en matière de politique pédagogique, d’aider les autres et de promouvoir l’inclusion dans la société, ainsi que de faire un travail significatif. Nous discutons des implications de ces découvertes.

Zusammenfassung

Trotz einer Politik, die die Bildungspflicht in China vorsieht, besuchen viele Kinder mit Autismus keine Schule. Dieser Beitrag untersucht die Gründung chinesischer Nichtregierungsorganisationen (NROs) für Autismus zur Erfüllung der Bedürfnisse, denen die Regierung nicht gerecht wird. Nachdem wir zunächst den breiteren Kontext der staatlichen Dezentralisierung und die Rollen von NROs bei der ergänzenden Befriedigung sozialer Bedürfnisse im Rahmen von gesellschaftlichen Reformen betrachten und auf die chinesische Bildungspolitik eingehen, konzentrieren wir uns sodann auf den Hintergrund und die Motivation für die Gründung und Operation der oben genannten NROs. In der Studie wurde der Mixed-Methods-Ansatz angewandt, einschließlich Fragebögen mit offenen und begrenzt offenen Fragen sowie anschließender Diskussionen per E-Mail. Die Leiter der NROs—von denen über 50% Eltern von autistischen Kindern sind—haben es sich zum Ziel gesetzt, dort einzutreten, wo die staatliche Durchsetzung der Bildungspolitik unzureichend ist, anderen zu helfen, für die soziale Inklusion einzutreten und eine bedeutungsvolle Arbeit zu leisten. Die Implikationen dieser Ergebnisse werden diskutiert.

Resumen

A pesar de las políticas que reivindican la educación obligatoria en China, muchos niños con autismo no están escolarizados. El presente artículo examina el establecimiento de organizaciones no gubernamentales (NGO, por sus siglas en inglés) relacionadas con el autismo en China para satisfacer las necesidades que no están siendo satisfechas por el Estado. Nos centramos en los antecedentes y las motivaciones para fundar y dirigir estas NGO, después de considerar primero el contexto más amplio de la descentralización del Estado y los papeles de las NGO a la hora de complementar las necesidades de bienestar en sociedades reformistas, y el contexto político educativo de China. El presente estudio utilizó métodos mixtos, incluidos cuestionarios con preguntas abiertas y preguntas con elecciones limitadas, y e-mail de seguimiento y debate. Las metas de los líderes de las NGO—más del 50% de los cuales son padres de niños con autismo—son compensar en aquellos casos en los que la implementación gubernamental de políticas educativas es insuficiente; ayudar a otros y defender la inclusión en la sociedad; y realizar un trabajo que da sentido. Se tratan las implicaciones de estos hallazgos.

摘要

尽管政策呼吁在中国实施义务教育,但是许多自闭症儿童仍无法上学。本文检查了为满足中国未涵盖的需求建立的自闭症相关非政府组织 (NGO)。在首先考虑国家分散化的广泛背景和NGO在改造社会以补充福利需求的角色,以及中国的教育政策背景后,我们专注于成立和运营这些NGO的背景和动机。本研究使用混合方法,包括采用有限选择和开放式问题的问卷,以及用电子邮件来跟进讨论。。这些NGO领导者(超过50% 是自闭症孩子的家长)的目标是,填补政府教育政策实施的空缺;帮助其他人和提倡社会包容性;以及做些有意义的工作。这篇文章最后也讨论这些调查结果的含义。

ملخص

على الرغم من سياسة تدعو إلى التعليم الإلزامي في الصين، العديد من الأطفال المصابين بالتوحد ليسوا في المدرسة. يتناول هذا المقال تأسيس المنظمات الغير حكومية (NGOs) المرتبط بالتوحد في الصين لتلبية إحتياجات لا يتم الوفاء بها عن طريق الدولة. نحن نركزعلى الخلفية والدافع في تأسيس وتشغيل هذه المنظمات الغير حكومية(NGOs)، وبعد النظر أولا في السياق الأوسع للامركزية الدولة و دور المنظمات الغير حكومية (NGOs) في إكمال إحتياجات الرعاية الإجتماعية في إصلاح المجتمعات، وسياق السياسات التعليمية في الصين. إستخدمت هذه الدراسة أساليب متباينة، بما في ذلك إستطلاعات الرأي مع أسئلة إختيارات مفتوحة ومحدودة، ومتابعة مناقشات البريد الإلكتروني. أهداف قادة المنظمات الغير حكومية (NGOs) أكثر من 50٪ منهم من آباء وأمهات الأطفال المصابين بالتوحد - هم لتعويض حيث تنفيذ الحكومة للسياسة التعليمية غير كافي؛ مساعدة الآخرين والدعوة لإدراجها في المجتمع؛ والقيام بأعمال ذات مغزى. تمت مناقشة الآثار المترتبة من هذه النتائج.

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Notes

  1. Salamon et al. (1999) list the various names for this non-state, non-market sector as including “the ‘nonprofit’, the ‘voluntary’, the ‘civil society’, the ‘third,’ or the ‘independent sector’” (p. 3), while other research, including in China, uses the term “non-governmental organizations (NGOs) (e.g., Deng et al. 2015; Dill 2014; Holland 2008; Wang 2009). For this paper, we use the term NGO.

  2. Although the Ministries and Departments of Civil Affairs and Education have a list of organizations registered there, this list does not indicate what type of work they do, and thus it is not evident which organizations provide education for children with autism. Meanwhile, the Bureau of Industry and Commerce (BIC) also has a list of organizations registered there, but that list does not distinguish between organizations that are for-profit businesses, or not-for-profit educational entities that due to the complex registration system are only able to register at the BIC. In addition, in China there are many diverse ways for autism educational NGOs to register, and so in China, there is no complete or clear list of all autism NGOs. This article’s authors have done research on autism NGOs for many years, and are very familiar with this field, and thus we chose the method to contact organizations based on known organizations, recommendations from relevant professionals, and a web search.

  3. Although only 38% of the organizations that we reached out to responded, other research on autism NGOs in China has also indicated similar characteristics in terms of founders’ age, educational backgrounds, and whether or not they are parents (McCabe 2013; Shenzhen Autism Society 2013) as well as age of the organization, with many founded in the past decade (Shenzhen Autism Society 2013; Spires et al. 2014). This provides confidence that our organizations are not outliers, nor did only a certain type of organization choose to participate in the study.

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Acknowledgements

This research was funded by a Fulbright Scholar Grant. We are grateful to the Fulbright program, as well as to the participants in the study.

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McCabe, H., Deng, G. “So They’ll Have Somewhere to Go”: Establishing Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) for Children with Autism in the People’s Republic of China. Voluntas 29, 1019–1032 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-017-9879-4

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