Skip to main content
Log in

Results of innovative and supportive learning programs for homeless children and adults

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Learning Environments Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Four-week summer academy programs served homeless children and adults in two contiguous innovative learning programs. The programs may be the first of their kind in the homeless literature in which both adults and children were exposed to career, academic, and leadership opportunities in the supportive learning environment of a university campus, and where academy children’s academic and self-perception results were compared with matched controls. Children experienced literacy instruction, a mathematics board game, robotics, leadership training, tennis instruction on court facilities, and computer, biology, and chemistry at respective laboratory sites. Adults participated in writing workshop, computer, health and self-care, urban economic, counseling, career, and yoga sessions. Academy children did not experience gains in norm-referenced vocabulary, spelling, or behavioural tests, but did demonstrate highly significant gains in writing ability based on state rubric criteria when compared with controls. In addition, they significantly increased in vocabulary understanding based on eight books read and in tennis skills. Adults significantly increased in keyboarding fluency based on their computer training.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alexander, K. L., Entwisle, D. R., & Olson, L. S. (2001). Schools, achievement, and inequality: A seasonal perspective. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 23, 171–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allington, R. L., & McGill-Franzen, A. M. (2003). The impact of summer loss on the reading achievement gap. Phi Delta Kappan, 85, 68–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Books, S. (2004). Poverty and schooling in the U.S.: Contexts and consequences. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borman, G. D., & Bouley, M. (Eds.). (2004). Summer learning: Research, policies, and programs. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bracey, G. (2002). Summer loss: The phenomenon no one wants to deal with. Phi Delta Kappan, 84, 12–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaput, S. S. (2004). Characterizing and measuring participation in out-of-school time programs. The Evaluation Exchange, 10, 2, 3, & 29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, H., Charlton, K., Valentine, J. C., & Muhlenbruck, L. (2000). Making the most of summer school: A meta-analytic and narrative review. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 65, 1–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, H., Nye, B., Charlton, K., Lindsay, J., & Greathouse, S. (1996). The effects of summer vacation on achievement test scores: A narrative and meta-analytic review. Review of Educational Research, 66, 227–268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davey, T. L., Penuel, W. R., Allison-Tant, E., & Rosner, A. M. (2000). The HERO program: A case for social work services. Social Work in Education, 22, 177–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Entwisle, D. R., Alexander, K. L., & Olson, L. S. (2001). Keep the faucet flowing: Summer learning and home environment. American Educator, 25, 10–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, H. J. (2004). Educating homeless children. Techniques: Connecting education and careers, 79, 25–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvard Family Research Project. (2006). Summer success: Challenges and strategies in creating quality academically focused summer programs. Issues and Opportunities in Out-of-School Time Evaluation. Cambridge, MA: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Institute for Children and Poverty. (2003). Miles to go: The flip side of the McKinney-Vento homeless assistance act. New York: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karlsen, B., & Gardner, E. F. (1996). Stanford diagnostic reading test (4th ed.). San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Brace.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, J. (2004). Summer reading and the ethnic achievement gap. Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk, 9, 169–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LEGO Education. (2007). Science and technology set. Chicago, IL: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahwinney-Rhoads, L., & Stahler, G. (2006). Educational policy and reform for homeless students: An overview. Education and Urban Society, 38, 288–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Commission on Writing. (2003). The neglected “R”: The need for a writing revolution. Princeton, NJ: The College Board.

    Google Scholar 

  • New York State Testing Program. (2000a). Grade 4 English Language Arts Rubric Chart for Reading/Writing. Albany, NY: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • New York State Testing Program. (2000b). Writing Mechanics Rubric. Albany, NY: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nunez, R. (2001). Family homelessness in New York City: A case study. Political Science Quarterly, 116, 367–379.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nunez, R. (2004). A shelter is not a home or is it? New York: White Tiger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pardini, P. (2001). School-community partnering. School Administrator, 58, 6–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, C., & Kamphaus, R. (2004). Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition (BASC-2). Minneapolis, MN: NCS Pearson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, D. H., Erickson, C. J., Agustin, M. S., Cleary, S. D., Allen, J. K., & Cohen, P. (1996). Cognitive and academic functioning of homeless children compared with housed children. Pediatrics, 97, 289–294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saulny, S. (2004). For students bouncing between shelter and city-schools, support seems elusive. The New York Times Metro (Sunday, 9/19/04), p. 39.

  • Scully, S. (2004). TiVitz ®. Coca, FL: SAS Games.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, N., Flores, Z., Lin, J. & Markovic, J. (2005, September). Understanding family homelessness in New York City: An in-depth study of families’ experiences before and after shelter. New York: Vera Institute of Justice.

  • Swick, K. J. (1999). Empowering homeless and transient children/families: An ecological framework for early childhood teachers. Early Childhood Education Journal, 26, 195–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Terzian, M., Moore, K., & Hamilton, K. (2009). Effective and promising summer learning programs and approaches for economically-disadvantaged children and youth. A white paper for the Wallace Foundation. Child Trends. Retrieved October 2, 2009, from www.childtrends.org/Files/Child_Trends_2009_06_17_FR_SummerLearning.pdf.

  • TypingMaster Pro. (2008). Version 7 Computer software. Available from http://www.typingmaster.com.

  • Wilkinson, G. S., & Robertson, G. L. (2006). Wide range achievement test (4th ed.). Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaff, J., Moore, K., Papillo, A. R., & Williams, S. (2003). Implications of extra curricular activity participation during adolescence on positive outcomes. Journal of Adolescent Research, 18, 599–633.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ziesemer, C., Marcoux, L., & Marwell, B. E. (1994). Homeless children: Are they different from other low-income children? Social Work, 39, 658–668.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This project was made possible through a generous grant from St. John’s University in extending its Vincentian tradition to serve the disadvantaged and the poor. The authors would also like to acknowledge the support that the New York City Department of Homeless Services (DHS) provided in conducting this study. The analyses and interpretations expresses herein represent the opinions and conclusions of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the DHS or it staff.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Richard Sinatra.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Sinatra, R., Eschenauer, R. Results of innovative and supportive learning programs for homeless children and adults. Learning Environ Res 15, 403–417 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10984-012-9105-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10984-012-9105-7

Keywords

Navigation