Abstract
Environmental sustainability practices in universities can play an important role in helping society form a sustainable future. In this study, the roles that Bangladeshi universities play in terms of sustainability practices on their campuses are scrutinized, as well as the challenges these universities face. The existing research on campus sustainability practices in Asia is reviewed, and a new exploratory study is put forth on environmental sustainability practices in the higher education institutions of a developing country—Bangladesh. The Campus Sustainability Assessment Framework used in Canadian universities was taken as basis for determining potential environmental management indicators. Results show that environmental management practices (i.e., environmental education, research, governance and operations) are present only to a very limited extent in higher education institutions in Bangladesh.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adlong, W. (2013). Rethinking the talloires declaration. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 14(1), 56–70.
Adombent, M., Fischer, D., Godemann, J., Herzig, C., Otte, I., Rieckmann, M., et al. (2014). Emerging areas in research on higher education for sustainable development—Management education, Sustainable consumption and perspectives from Central and Eastern Europe. Journal of Cleaner Production, 62, 1–7.
Alam, S., Haque, M., & Siddique, S. (2007). Globalization of higher education and cross border student mobility. In N. V. Varghese (Ed.), Bangladesh: International Institute for Educational Planning. Paris: United National Cultural and Scientific Organization.
Alam, M., Rashid, A., & Furukawa, Y. (2008). Policy implications and implementation of environmental ICTPs in developing states: Examples from Bangladesh. Electronic Green Journal, 26, 1–11.
Amaral, L., & Martins, N. (2015). Quest for a sustainable university: A review. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 16(2), 155–172.
Aminuzzaman, S. M. (2010). Environment policy of Bangladesh: A case study of an ambitious policy with implementation snag. In South Asia Climate Change Forum, organized by Monash Sustainability Institute, Monash University, Australia (Vol. 59, pp. 1–18).
Amran, A., Khalid, S. N. A., Razak, D. A., & Haron, H. (2010). Development of MBA with specialisation in sustainable development: The experience of Universiti Sains Malaysia. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 11(3), 260–273.
Arroyo, P. (2015). A new taxonomy for examining the multi-role of campus sustainability assessments in organizational change. Journal of Cleaner Production. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.08.100.
Atherton, A., & Giurco, D. (2011). Campus sustainability: Climate change, transport and paper reduction. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 12(3), 269–279.
Baboulet, O., & Lenzen, M. (2010). Evaluating the environmental performance of a university. Journal of Cleaner Production, 18, 1134–1141.
Belal, A. R., & Roberts, R. W. (2010). Stakeholders’ perceptions of corporate social reporting in Bangladesh. Journal of Business Ethics, 97, 311–324.
Beringer, A. (2006). Campus sustainability audit research in Atlantic Canada: Pioneering the campus sustainability assessment framework. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 7(4), 437–455.
Beringer, A. (2007). The Lüneburg sustainable university project in international comparison: An assessment against North American peers. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 8(4), 446–461.
Beringer, A., Wright, T., & Malone, L. (2008). Sustainability in higher education in Atlantic Canada. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 9(1), 48–67.
Bero, B. N., Doerry, E., Middleton, R., & Meinhardt, C. (2012). Challenges in the development of environmental management systems on the modern university campus. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 13(2), 133–149.
Bhandari, B. B., & Abe, O. (2000). Environmental education in the Asia-Pacific region: Some problems and prospects. International Review for Environmental Strategies, 1(1), 57–77.
Bhuiyan, A. H., Siwar, C., & Islam, R. (2010). Ecotourism and environmental education: An opportunity for Bangladesh. In Proceedings of International Conference on Environmental Aspects of Bangladesh (ICEAB10), Japan (pp. 43–44).
Bilodeau, L., Podger, J., & Abd-El-Aziz, A. (2014). advancing campus and community sustainability: Strategic alliances in action. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 15(2), 157–168.
Brinkhurst, M., Rose, P., Maurice, G., & Ackerman, J. (2011). Achieving campus sustainability: Top–down, bottom–up, or neither? International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 12(4), 338–354.
Cars, M., & West, E. (2015). Education for sustainable society: Attainments and good practices in Sweden during the United Nations Decade for Education for Sustainable Development (UNDESD). Environment, Development and Sustainability, 17, 1–21.
Celik, B., Ozbek, M., Attaran, S., & Jalili, M. (2014). Comparison of environmental responsibility of construction management students based on exposure to sustainability in curricula and on campus. International Journal of Construction Education and Research, 10, 96–110.
Chhokar, K. B. (2010). Higher education and curriculum innovation for sustainable development in India. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 11(2), 1467–6370.
Chowdhury, Q. I. (1999), National environmental legislations. Bangladesh: State Environment Report-1999. Dhaka: Forum of Environmental Journalists of Bangladesh (FEJB).
Clarke, A. (2006). The campus environmental management system cycle in practice: 15 Years of environmental management, education and research at Dalhousie University. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 7(4), 374–389.
Clarke, A., & Kouri, R. (2009). Choosing an appropriate university or college environmental management system. Journal of Cleaner Production, 17, 971–984.
Cole, L. (2003). Assessing sustainability on Canadian university campuses: Development of a campus sustainability assessment framework. Master’s thesis, Royal Roads Unversity.
Coops, N., Marcus, J., Construt, I., Frank, E., Kellett, R., Mazzi, E., et al. (2015). How an entry-level, interdisciplinary sustainability course revealed the benefits and challenges of a university-wide initiative for sustainability education. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 16(5), 729–747.
Corcoran, P. B., & Koshy, K. C. (2010). The Pacific way: Sustainability in higher education in the South Pacific Island nations. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 11(2), 130–140.
Cusick, J. (2008). Operationalizing sustainability education at the University of Hawai‘i at Manoa. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 9(3), 246–256.
Dagiliute, R., & Liobikiene, G. (2015). University contributions to environmental sustainability: Challenges and opportunities from the Lithuanian case. Journal of Cleaner Production, 108(Part A), 891–899.
Davis, G., & Wolski, M. (2009). E-waste and the sustainable organisation: Griffith University’s approach to e-waste. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 10(1), 21–32.
Disterheft, A., Caeiro, S., Azeiteiro, U., & Filho, W. (2015). Sustainable universities—A study of critical success factors for participatory approaches. Journal of Cleaner Production, 106, 11–21.
Dyer, G., & Dyer, M. (2015). Strategic leadership for sustainability by higher education: The American College & University Presidents’ Climate Commitment. Journal of Cleaner Production. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.08.077.
Evangelinos, K. I., Jones, N., & Panoriou, E. M. (2009). Challenges and opportunities for sustainability in regional universities: A case study in Mytilene, Greece. Journal of Cleaner Production, 17, 1154–1161.
Faghihi, V., Hessami, A., & Ford, D. (2015). Sustainable campus improvement program design using energy efficiency and conservation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 107, 400–409.
Figueiro, P., & Raufflet, E. (2015). Sustainability in higher education: A systematic review with focus on management education. Journal of Cleaner Production, 106, 22–33.
Finlay, J., & Massey, J. (2012). Eco-campus: Applying the ecocity model to develop green university and college campuses. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 13(3), 150–165.
Fisher, R. M. (2003). Applying ISO 14001 as a business tool for campus sustainability: A case study from New Zealand. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 4(2), 138–150.
Fonseca, A., Macdonald, A., Dandy, E., & Valenti, P. (2011). The state of sustainability reporting at Canadian universities. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 12(1), 22–44.
Foo, K. (2013). A vision on the role of environmental higher education contributing to the sustainable development in Malaysia. Journal of Cleaner Production, 61, 6–12.
Fry, G. W., & Bi, H. (2013). The evolution of educational reform in Thailand: The Thai educational paradox. Journal of Educational Administration, 51(3), 290–319.
Gain, P. (1998). Bangladesh environment: Facing the 21st century. Dhaka: Society for Environment and Human Development (SEHD).
Galang, A. P. (2010). Environmental education for sustainability in higher education institutions in the Philippines. Environmental Education for Sustainability, 11(2), 173–183.
Hahn, C. (2008). Doing qualitative research using your computer: A practical guide (pp. 1–49). London: Sage.
Hancock, L., & Nuttman, S. (2014). Engaging higher education institutions in the challenge of sustainability: Sustainable transport as a catalyst for action. Journal of Cleaner Production, 62, 62–71.
Hasan, J. (2000). Environmental laws in Bangladesh: In search of a regulatory framework. Bangladesh State of Environment Report (pp. 297–306). Dhaka: FEJB.
Helferty, A., & Clarke, A. (2009). Student-led campus climate change initiatives in Canada. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 10(3), 287–300.
Hong Kong University. (2014). HKU sustainability report 2013. Retrieved from: http://www.sustainability.hku.hk/report/2011-2013.
Hoque, A., & Clarke, A. (2013). Greening of industries in Bangladesh: Pollution prevention practices. Journal of Cleaner Production, 51, 47–56.
Hoque, A., Clarke, A., & MacDonald, A. (2014). Implementing a developing country’s global environmental commitments: Industry perspectives on potential pollution prevention programs in Bangladesh. In D. Vazquez-Brust, J. Sarkis, & J. Cordeiro (Eds.), Collaboration for sustainability and innovation in the Global South: A role for south driven sustainability? (pp. 149–175). New York: Springer.
Horhota, M., Asman, J., Stratton, J., & Halfacre, A. (2014). Identifying behavioral barriers to campus sustainability—A multi-method approach. International Journal of Construction Education and Research, 15(3), 343–358.
ISCN. (2013). The future is now, international sustainable campus network conference report-2013, June 17–20 (pp. 1–40). National University of Singapore.
Islam, N. (2002). The broader significance of the environmental movement in Bangladesh. Retrieved 2014-07-02 http://www.eng-consult.com/BEN/papers/Paper-NIslam.PDF.
Islam, S., & Miah, S. (2003). Banglapedia (National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh) (Vol. 4). Dhaka: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
Jain, S., Aggarwal, P., Sharma, N., & Sharma, P. (2013). Fostering sustainability through education, research and practice: A case study of TERI University. Journal of Cleaner Production, 61, 20–24.
Jain, S., & Pant, P. (2010). Environmental management systems for educational institutions: A case study of TERI University, New Delhi. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 11(3), 236–249.
James, M., & Card, K. (2012). Factors contributing to institutions achieving environmental sustainability. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 13(2), 166–176.
Jiji, L., Schonfeld, I., & Smith, G. (2015). Capstone interdisciplinary team project: A requirement for the ms in sustainability degree. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 16(2), 187–199.
Jones, D. (2014). Restorative counter-spacing for academic sustainability. Organization & Environment, 27(3), 297–314.
Jorge, M., Madueno, J., Cejas, M., & Pena, F. (2015). An approach to the implementation of sustainability practices in Spanish universities. Journal of Cleaner Production, 106, 34–44.
Kantabutra, S., & Saratun, M. (2013). Sustainable leadership: Honeybee practices at Thailand’s Oldest University. The International Journal of Educational Management, 27(4), 356–376.
Khan, M. R. (2000). The Green-Agenda in Bangladesh: A policy-management framework. Bangladesh: State of Environment Report-2000. Dhaka: Forum of Environmental Journalists of Bangladesh.
Krizek, K. J., Newport, D., White, J., & Townsend, A. R. (2012). Higher education’s sustainability imperative: How to practically respond? International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 13, 19–33.
Kurland, N. (2014). Shared governance and the sustainable college. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 15(1), 63–83.
Lauder, A., Sari, R., Suwartha, N., & Tjahjono, G. (2015). Critical review of a global campus sustainability ranking: GreenMetric. Journal of Cleaner Production, 108(Part A), 852–863.
Levy, B. L. M., & Marans, R. W. (2012). Towards a campus culture of environmental sustainability: Recommendations for a large university. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 365–377(4), 365–377.
Lidstone, L., Wright, T., & Sherren, K. (2015). An analysis of Canadian STARS-rated higher education sustainability policies. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 17, 259–278.
Lo, K. (2013). Energy conservation in China’s higher education institutions. Energy Policy, 56, 703–710.
Lo, K. (2015). Campus sustainability in Chinese higher education institutions: Focuses, motivations and challenges. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 16(1), 36–43.
Lozano, R. (2006). A tool for a graphical assessment of sustainability in universities (GASU). Journal of Cleaner Production, 14(9), 963–972.
Lozano, R., Ceulemans, K., Alonso-Almeida, M., Huisingh, D., Lozano, F., Waas, T., et al. (2015). A review of commitment and implementation of sustainable development in higher education: Results from a worldwide survey. Journal of Cleaner Production, 108(Part A), 1–18.
Lozano, R., Lukman, R., Lozano, F., Huisingh, D., & Lambrechts, W. (2013). Declarations for sustainability in higher education: Becoming better leaders, through addressing the university system. Journal of Cleaner Production, 48, 10–19.
Lukman, R., Tiwary, A., & Azapagic, A. (2009). Towards greening a university campus: The case of the University of Maribor, Slovenia. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 53, 639–644.
Macrory, B. (2013). Green school in Bali. Green Teacher, 99, 25–27.
Maiorano, J., & Savan, B. (2015). Barriers to energy efficiency and the uptake of green revolving funds in Canadian universities. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 16(2), 200–216.
Manzanal, R., Serra, L., Morales, M., Carrasquer, J., Barreiro, L., Valle, J., et al. (2015). Environmental behaviours in initial professional development and their relationship with university education. Journal of Cleaner Production, 108(Part A), 830–840.
Mitchell, R. C. (2011). Sustaining change on a Canadian campus: Preparing Brock University for a sustainability audit. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 12(1), 7–21.
Moganadas, S., Corral-Verdugo, V., & Ramanathan, S. (2013). Toward systemic campus sustainability: Gauging dimensions of sustainable development via a motivational and perception-based approach. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 15, 1443–1464.
Monastersky, R. (2007). Colleges strain to reach climate-friendly future. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 54(16), 1–5.
Moudrak, N., & Clarke, A. (2012). Developing a sustainability report for a higher education institution. In F. W. Leal (Ed.), Sustainable Development at Universities: New Horizons (pp. 505–520). Frankfurt: Peter Lang Scientific Publishers.
Muhith, A. (1999). Protecting the fragiel environment in Bangladesh. In Bangladesh in the twenty-first century: Towards an industrial society (pp. 361–383). Dhaka: University Press Limited (UPL).
Naeem, M., & Neal, M. (2011). Sustainability in business education in the Asia Pacific region: A snapshot of the situation. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 13(1), 60–71.
Nair, S. M., Mohamed, A. R., & Marimuthu, N. (2013). Malaysian teacher trainees’ practices on science and the relevance of science education for sustainability. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 14(1), 71–89.
Olanrewaju, A. L. A., Khamidi, M. F., & Idrus, A. (2010). Quantitative analysis of defects in Malaysian university buildings: Providers’ perspective. Journal of Retail & Leisure Property, 9(2), 137–149.
Posner, S., & Stuart, R. (2013). Understanding and advancing campus sustainability using a systems framework. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 14(3), 264–277.
Price, T. J. (2005). Preaching what we practice: Experiences from implementing ISO 14001 at the University of Glamorgan. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 6(2), 161.
Rahaman, A., Ali, A., & Chowdhury, F. (2001). People’s report on Bangladesh environment—2001. Dhaka: University Press.
Ramos, T., Caeiro, S., Hoof, B., Lozano, R., Huisingh, D., & Ceulemans, K. (2015). Experiences from the implementation of sustainable development in higher education institutions: Environmental management for sustainable universities. Journal of Cleaner Production, 106, 3–10.
Razak, M. Z. A., Abdullah, N. A. G., Nor, M. F. I. M., Usman, I. M. S., & Che-Ani, A. I. (2011). Toward a sustainable campus: Comparison of the physical development planning of research university campuses in Malaysia. Journal of Sustainable Development, 4(4), 210–221.
Ryan, A., Tilbury, D., Corcoran, P. B., Abe, O., & Nomura, K. (2010). Sustainability in higher education in the Asia-Pacific: Developments, challenges, and prospects. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 11(2), 106–119.
Saadatian, O., Sopian, K. B., & Salleh, E. (2013). Adaptation of sustainability community indicators for Malaysian campuses as small cities. Sustainable Cities and Society, 6, 40–50.
Salequzzaman, M., & Davis, J. K. (2003). Environmental education and environmental management in Bangladesh and their sustainability. Environmental Informatics Archives, 1, 70–82.
Salequzzaman, M., & Stocker, L. (2000). The context and prospects for environmental education and environmental careers in Bangladesh. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 2(2), 104–127.
Sammalisto, K., & Arvidsson, K. (2005). Environmental management in Swedish higher education: Directives, driving forces, hindrances, environmental aspects and environmental co-ordinators in Swedish universities. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 6(1), 18.
Sanusi, Z. A., & Khelghat-Doost, H. (2008). Regional centre of expertise as transformational platform for sustainability: A case study of Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 9(4), 487–497.
Savelyeva, T., & McKenna, J. R. (2011). Campus sustainability: Emerging curricula models in higher education. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 12(1), 55–66.
Sewilam, H., McCormack, O., Mader, M., & Raouf, M. (2015). Introducing education for sustainable development into Egyptian schools. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 17, 221–238.
Shamsuddoha, M., Gihar, S., & Nasir, T. (2012). Sustainability in higher education of Bangladesh—An overview. International Journal of Education Economics and Development, 3(1), 10–18.
Shriberg, M. (2002). Institutional assessment tools for sustainability in higher education: Strengths, weaknesses, and implications for practice and theory. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 3(3), 254–270.
Sinha, V., & Subramanian, K. S. (2013). Accreditation in India: Path of achieving educational excellence. Business Education & Accreditation, 5(2), 107–116.
Smyth, D. P., Fredeen, A. L., & Booth, A. L. (2010). Reducing solid waste in higher education: The first step towards ‘greening’ a university campus. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 54, 1007–1016.
Sobhani, F. A., Amran, A., & Zainuddin, Y. (2009). Revisiting the practices of corporate social and environmental disclosure in Bangladesh. Corporate Social Responsibilty and Environmental Management, 16(3), 167–183.
Stubbs, W. (2013). Addressing the business-sustainability nexus in postgraduate education. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 14(1), 25–41.
Su, H. J., & Chang, T. (2010). Sustainability of higher education institutions in Taiwan. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 11(2), 163–172.
Suwartha, N., & Sari, R. (2013). Evaluating UI Green Metric as a tool to support green universities development: Assessment of the year 2011 ranking. Journal of Cleaner Production, 61, 46–53.
SYC. (n.d.). Campus sustainability assessment framework (CSAF) core. Ottawa: Sierra Youth Coalition.
Tahir, F. (2001). Distance education, environmental education and sustainability: An overview of universities in Commonwealth Asia. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 2(1), 21–37.
Thomas, I. (2004). Sustainability in tertiary curricula: What is stopping it happening? International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 5(1), 33–47.
Tierney, A., & Tweddell, H. (2015). Measuring education for sustainable development experiences from the University of Bristol. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 16(4), 507–522.
Ting, L. S., Mohammed, A. H. B., & Choong, W. W. (2012). Proposed implementation strategies for energy sustainability on a Malaysian university campus. Business Strategy Series, 13(5), 208–214.
Too, L., & Bajracharya, B. (2015). Sustainable campus: Engaging the community in sustainability. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 15(1), 57–71.
Townsend, J., & Barrett, J. (2015). Exploring the applications of carbon footprinting towards sustainability at a UK University: Rand decision making. Journal of Cleaner Production, 107, 164–176.
Tu, Q., Zhu, C., & McAvoy, D. (2015). Converting campus waste into renewable energy—A case study for the University of Cincinnati. Waste Management, 39, 258–265.
UNESCO. (2005). Guidelines and recommendations for reorientating teacher education to address sustainability. Retrieved from: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001433/143370e.pdf.
von Oelreich, K. (2004). Environmental certification at Malardalen University. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 5(2), 133.
Universitas Indonesia. (2015). UI GreenMetric—Overall ranking 2015. Retrieved from: http://greenmetric.ui.ac.id/overall-ranking-2015/.
Vagnoni, E., & Cavicchi, C. (2015). An exploratory study of sustainable development at Italian universities. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 16(2), 217–236.
Vance, L., & Boss, S. (2012). The Campus Demotechnic Index: A comparison of technological energy consumption at US colleges and universities. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 14, 111–134.
Vasquez, L., Iriarteb, A., Almeidac, M., & Villalobosd, P. (2015). Evaluation of greenhouse gas emissions and proposals for their reduction at a university campus in Chile. Journal of Cleaner Production, 108(Part A), 924–930.
Walton, S. V., & Galea, C. E. (2005). Some considerations for applying business sustainability practices to campus environmental challenges. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 6(2), 147–160.
Wang, Y., Shi, H., Sun, M., Huisingh, D., Hansson, L., & Wang, R. (2013). Moving towards an ecologically sound society? Starting from green universities and environmental higher education. Journal of Cleaner Production, 61, 1–5.
White, S. (2014). Campus sustainability plans in the United States: Where, what, and how to evaluate? International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 15(2), 228–241.
Wiek, A., Xiong, A., Brundiers, K., & Leeuw, S. (2014). Integrating problem- and project-based learning into sustainability programs: A case study on the school of sustainability at Arizona State University. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 15(4), 431–449.
Winter, J., & Cotton, D. (2012). Making the hidden curriculum visible: Sustainability literacy in higher education. Environmental Education Research, 18(6), 783–796.
Wright, T., & Horst, N. (2013). Exploring the ambiguity: What faculty leaders really think of sustainability in higher education. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 14(2), 209–227.
Wynsberghe, R., & Moore, J. (2015). UN decade on education for sustainable development (UNDESD): Enabling sustainability in higher education. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 17, 315–330.
Yuan, X., & Zuo, J. (2013). A critical assessment of the higher education for sustainable development from students’ perspectives—A Chinese study. Journal of Cleaner Production, 48, 108–115.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Research was done at School of Environment, Enterprise and Development (SEED), Faculty of Environment, University of Waterloo.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hoque, A., Clarke, A. & Sultana, T. Environmental sustainability practices in South Asian university campuses: an exploratory study on Bangladeshi universities. Environ Dev Sustain 19, 2163–2180 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-016-9845-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-016-9845-0