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Electrochemical sensor for detection of imipramine antidepressant at low potential based on oxidized carbon nanotubes, ferrocenecarboxylic acid, and cyclodextrin: application in psychotropic drugs and urine samples

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Abstract

Imipramine (IMP), a tricyclic antidepressant drug, is commonly prescribed for treatment of psychiatric patients suffering from different forms of depression. The appropriate amount of drug intake is crucial to ensure the optimum therapeutic effects minimizing severe collateral effects and toxicity. Therefore, the monitoring of imipramine is essential for its clinical applications. Herein, we report an electrochemical sensor based on a composite of ferrocenecarboxylic acid (FCA), β-cyclodextrin (CD), and oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (f-CNT) modified glassy carbon electrode for detection of IMP at low potential. The electrochemical behavior of the proposed sensor was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. The results show that imipramine determination using the proposed sensor occurs around 0 V vs Ag/AgCl in phosphate buffer pH 7.0. The calibration curves were obtained by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry, with linear ranges of 10 to 350 μmol L−1 and 0.1 to 10 μmol L−1, respectively. A detection limit of 0.03 μmol L−1 was obtained for the detection of IMP. The sensor was applied for IMP determination in psychotropic drugs and urine samples and the results show a recovery percentage between 99 and 101% for the analyte.

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Funding

The authors are grateful to CNPq (303525/2016-9, 305680/2015-3, 301486/2016-6, and 401689/2015-8), INCT-Bioanalítica (465389/2014-7), FAPEMA (Universal 00927/2016 and PRONEM 210383/2016), and FAPESP (2014/02163-7) for financial support. AGSN, CSS, and SMS are scholarship students from CNPq, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Sensors, Devices and Analytical Methods, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Maranhão, UFMA, São Luís, MA, 65080-805, Brazil

    Antônio Gomes dos Santos Neto, Camila Silva de Sousa, André da Silva Freires, Flavio Santos Damos & Rita de Cássia Silva Luz

  2. School of Chemistry, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia

    Saimon Moraes Silva

  3. Carbon Sci-Tech Labs, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Campinas, Av Albert Einstein 400, Campinas, SP, 13083-852, Brazil

    Hudson Zanin

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  1. Antônio Gomes dos Santos Neto
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  2. Camila Silva de Sousa
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  4. Saimon Moraes Silva
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  6. Flavio Santos Damos
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  7. Rita de Cássia Silva Luz
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Correspondence to Rita de Cássia Silva Luz.

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dos Santos Neto, A.G., de Sousa, C.S., da Silva Freires, A. et al. Electrochemical sensor for detection of imipramine antidepressant at low potential based on oxidized carbon nanotubes, ferrocenecarboxylic acid, and cyclodextrin: application in psychotropic drugs and urine samples. J Solid State Electrochem 22, 1385–1394 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-017-3772-3

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