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Reduced seed predation after invasion supports enemy release in a broad biogeographical survey

  • Plant-microbe-animal interactions - Original research
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Abstract

The Enemy Release (ER) hypothesis predicts an increase in the plant invasive capacity after being released from their associated herbivores or pathogens in their area of origin. Despite the large number of studies on biological invasions addressing this hypothesis, tests evaluating changes in herbivory on native and introduced populations and their effects on plant reproductive potential at a biogeographical level are relatively rare. Here, we tested the ER hypothesis on the South African species Senecio pterophorus (Asteraceae), which is native to the Eastern Cape, has expanded into the Western Cape, and was introduced into Australia (>70–100 years ago) and Europe (>30 years ago). Insect seed predation was evaluated to determine whether plants in the introduced areas were released from herbivores compared to plants from the native range. In South Africa, 25 % of the seedheads of sampled plants were damaged. Plants from the introduced populations suffered lower seed predation compared to those from the native populations, as expected under the ER hypothesis, and this release was more pronounced in the region with the most recent introduction (Europe 0.2 % vs. Australia 15 %). The insect communities feeding on S. pterophorus in Australia and Europe differed from those found in South Africa, suggesting that the plants were released from their associated fauna after invasion and later established new associations with local herbivore communities in the novel habitats. Our study is the first to provide strong evidence of enemy release in a biogeographical survey across the entire known distribution of a species.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the collaborators for providing data and helping during the collecting trips: Dr Jaco Le Roux (Stellenbosch University, South Africa), Christina Potgieter (University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa), Dr. Ian Thompson (Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, Australia), Tony Dold (Rhodes University, South Africa), and David Wopula (South Africa). We thank Anna Escolà and Pere Losada for outstanding field and laboratory assistance, Estíbaliz Palma for seed analyses, and Bernhard Merz (Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Switzerland) and Jordi Dantart (Catalonia) for identification of insect specimens. M.M. has a FPI predoctoral fellowship from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Spain). This research was conducted thanks to the financial support provided to E.C. by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Spain) (GCL2008-02421/BOS) and Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Spain) (GCL2011-29205). X.S., E.C., J.M.B.M. and M.M. belong to the Agroecosystems Research group funded by Generalitat de Catalunya (Catalonia) (2009 SGR1058). The experiments comply with the current laws of the countries (Spain, Italy, Australia, and South Africa) in which the experiments were performed. The permits required for sampling were obtained from the corresponding authorities when necessary.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Facultat de Veterinària, Unitat de Toxicologia, Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica i Toxicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain

    Eva Castells & Maria Morante

  2. Facultat de Biologia, Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

    José M. Blanco-Moreno & F. Xavier Sans

  3. Botanic Institute of Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-ICUB), Passeig de Migdia s/n, 08038, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

    Roser Vilatersana

  4. Servei d’Estadística Aplicada, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain

    Anabel Blasco-Moreno

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  1. Eva Castells
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  2. Maria Morante
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  3. José M. Blanco-Moreno
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  4. F. Xavier Sans
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Correspondence to Eva Castells.

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Communicated by John Lill.

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Castells, E., Morante, M., Blanco-Moreno, J.M. et al. Reduced seed predation after invasion supports enemy release in a broad biogeographical survey. Oecologia 173, 1397–1409 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-013-2718-4

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