Abstract
Characterisation, quality assessment and property prediction are several of the major industrial challenges for widespread acceptance of thermally modified wood (TMW). This study shows the potential of the multivariate analysis of mid-infrared (MIR) spectral data for the prediction of impact strength, five mechanical parameters in bending, moisture content, weight loss, density and chemical composition of small specimens of thermally modified beech, Norway spruce and Scots pine woods. Anti-swelling efficiency was also studied using DRIFT spectroscopy for spruce wood only. Calibrations were successfully accomplished by partial least-squares regression, with R 2 Y and Q 2CUM values >0.96 for 64 out of 67 models. Predictions were also successful, with relative prediction values >0 and RMSEP:SD ratios <1 in most cases. Changes in the MIR spectra of TMW show that bands arising from the lignin environment and new bands appearing due to the degradation of carbohydrates, giving negative loadings, were related to strength loss, while those bands arising from the polysaccharides were associated with property retention. It is concluded that this approach is a powerful tool to characterise a number of properties of TMW with a single after-treatment measurement.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
The term excellent refers to a Q 2CUM value >0.9, >0.75 is very good and >0.5 is good (SIMCA-P User’s Manual, version 11.0.0.0, Umetrics AB, Sweden, 2006).
References
Baeza J, Freer J (2001) Chemical characterization of wood and its components. In: Hon DN-S, Shiraishi N (eds) Wood and cellulose chemistry. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 275–384
Bekhta P, Niemz P (2003) Effect of high temperature on the change in color, dimensional stability and mechanical properties of spruce wood. Holzforschung 57:539–546
Bengtsson C, Jermer J, Brem F (2002) Bending strength of heat-treated spruce and pine timber. 33rd Annual meeting of the international research group on wood protection, Cardiff, Wales. Document IRG/WP 02-40242, 9 p
BSI (1957) BS 373: Methods of testing small clear specimens of timber. HMSO, London, 31 p
BSI (1997) BS EN ISO 179. Plastics—determination of charpy impact strength. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, 15 p
Chow SZ (1971) Infrared spectral characteristics and surface inactivation of wood at high temperatures. Wood Sci Technol 5:27–39
Collier WE, Schultz TP, Kalasinsky VE (1992) Infrared study of lignin: reexamination of aryl-alkyl ether C-O stretching peak assignments. Holzforschung 46:523–528
Effland MJ (1977) Modified procedure to determine acid-insoluble lignin in wood and pulp. Tappi 60:143–144
Eriksson L, Johansson E, Kettaneh-Wold N, Wold S (2001) Multi- and Megavariate data analysis. Principles and applications. Umetrics Academy, Umeå 533 p
Esteves B, Pereira H (2008) Quality assessment of heat-treated wood by NIR spectroscopy. Holz Roh Werkst 66:323–332
Faix O (1992) Characterisation in solid state: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In: Lin SY, Dence CW (eds) Methods in lignin chemistry. Springer, Berlin, pp 83–109
Faix O, Böttcher JH (1992) The influence of particle size and concentration in transmission and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy of wood. Holz Roh Werkst 50:221–226
Fearn T (2000) On orthogonal signal correction. Chemom Int Lab Syst 50:47–52
Funaoka M, Kako T, Abe I (1990) Condensation of lignin during heating of wood. Wood Sci Technol 24:277–288
González-Peña MM, Hale MDC (2007) The relationship between mechanical performance and chemical changes in thermally modified wood. Third European conference on wood modification, 15–16 October, Cardiff, UK, The Angel Hotel, pp 169–172
González-Peña MM, Breese MC, Hill CAS (2004) Hygroscopicity in heat treated wood: effect of extractives. 1st International conference on environmentally-compatible forest products, 22–24 September, Porto, Portugal, Fernando Pessoa University, pp 105–119
González-Peña MM, Curling SF, Hale MDC (2009) On the effect of heat on the chemical composition and dimensions of thermally-modified wood. Polymer Degrad Stab 94:2184–2193
Grandmaison JL, Thibault J, Kaliaguine S (1987) Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and thermogravimetry of partially converted lignocellulosic materials. Anal Chem 59:2153–2157
Hale MD, Ghosh SC, Spear MJ (2005) Effects of artificial UV weathering and soft rot decay on heat-treated wood. 36th Annual meeting of the international research group on wood protection, Bangalore, India. Document IRG/WP 05-40302, 13 p
Harrington KJ, Higgins HG, Michell AJ (1964) Infrared spectra of Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. and Pinus radiata D. Don. Holzforschung 18:108–113
Hergert HL (1971) Infrared spectra. In: Sarkanen KV, Ludwig CH (eds) Lignin: occurrence, formation, structure, reactions. Wiley, Toronto, pp 267–297
Hill CAS (2006) Wood modification. Chemical, thermal and other processes. Wiley, Chichester 239 p
Inagaki T, Yonenobu H, Mitsui K, Yamamoto H, Sasaki Y, Tsuchikawa S (2007) Investigation of thermal degradation mechanism of softwood by NIR spectroscopy. The 13th international conference on near infrared spectroscopy, 15–21 June, Umeå, Sweden, Umeå Folkets Hus, 1 p
Janson J (1970) Calculations of the polysaccharide composition of wood and pulp. Pap Puu 52:323–329
Johansson D, Morén T (2006) The potential of colour measurement for strength prediction of thermally treated wood. Holz Roh Werkst 64:104–110
Kelley SS, Rials TG, Snell R, Groom L, Sluiter A (2004) Use of near infrared spectroscopy to measure the chemical and mechanical properties of solid wood. Wood Sci Technol 38:257–276
Kimura F, Kimura T, Gray DG (1994) FT-IR study of the effect of irradiation wavelength on the colour reversion of thermomechanical pulps. Holzforschung 48:343–348
Kotilainen RA, Toivanen TJ, Alén RJ (2000) FTIR monitoring of chemical changes in softwood during heating. J Wood Chem Technol 20:307–320
Kuo M, McClelland JF, Luo S, Chien P-L, Walker RD, Hse C-Y (1988) Applications of infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy for wood samples. Wood Fiber Sci 20:132–145
Martens H, Næs T (1989) Multivariate calibration. Wiley, Guildford 419 p
Nuopponen MH, Birch GM, Sykes RJ, Lee SJ, Stewart D (2006) Estimation of wood density and chemical composition by means of diffuse reflectance mid-infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT-MIR) spectroscopy. J Agric Food Chem 54:34–40
Owen NL, Thomas DW (1989) Infrared studies of hard and softwoods. Appl Spectrosc 43:451–455
Repellin V, Guyonnet R (2003) Evaluation of heat-treated beech by non-destructive testing. First European conference on wood modification, April 3–4, Ghent, Belgium, Ghent University, pp 73–82
Rouessac F, Rouessac A (2000) Chemical analysis. Modern instrumentation methods and techniques. Wiley, Chichester, pp 161–188
Sudo K, Shimizu K, Sakurai K (1985) Characterization of steamed wood lignin from beech wood. Holzforschung 39:281–288
TAPPI (1991) Method um-250: acid-soluble lignin in wood and pulp. In: TAPPI (ed) TAPPI useful methods. TAPPI, Atlanta, pp 47–48
TAPPI (1994) Method T249 cm-85: carbohydrate composition of extractive-free wood and wood pulp by gas-liquid chromatography. In: TAPPI (ed) TAPPI test methods. TAPPI, Atlanta 5 p
Teratani F, Miyazaki K (1968) Effect of thermal treatment in wood hemicelluloses. I. The change of arabinogalactan by heating. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 14:91–97
Thumm A, Meder R (2001) Stiffness prediction of radiata pine clearwood test pieces using near infrared spectroscopy. J Near Infrared Spectrosc 9:117–122
Tsuchikawa S (2007) A review of recent near infrared research for wood and paper. Appl Spectrosc Rev 42:43–71
Weiland JJ, Guyonnet R (2003) Study of chemical modifications and fungi degradation of thermally modified wood using DRIFT spectroscopy. Holz Roh Werkst 61:216–220
Widmann R, Beikircher W, Fischer A (2007) Mechanical properties of thermal treated hardwood (beech): bending and tension strength and stiffness of boards. Third European conference on wood modification, 15–16 October, Cardiff, UK, The Angel Hotel, pp 187–190
Windeisen E, Strobel C, Wegener G (2007) Chemical changes during the production of thermo-treated beech wood. Wood Sci Technol 41:523–536
Wold S, Anttia H, Lindgrenb F, Ohman J (1998) Orthogonal signal correction of near-infrared spectra. Chemom Int Lab Syst 44:175–185
Workman JJ (1999) Review of process and non-invasive near-infrared and infrared spectroscopy: 1993–1999. Appl Spectrosc Rev 34:1–89
Worrall JJ, Anderson KM (1993) Sample preparation for analysis of wood sugars by anion chromatography. J Wood Chem Technol 13:429–437
Acknowledgments
The National Council for Science and Technology, Mexico (CONACYT) is thanked for financial support to undertake this research (Grant 178663 to MMGP). Dr. Simon F. Curling is acknowledged for conducting the HPLC-PA determinations.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
González-Peña, M.M., Hale, M.D.C. Rapid assessment of physical properties and chemical composition of thermally modified wood by mid-infrared spectroscopy. Wood Sci Technol 45, 83–102 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-010-0307-9
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-010-0307-9