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Underwater Sound Generation and Acoustic Reception in Fishes with Some Notes on Frogs

  • Chapter
Sensory Processing in Aquatic Environments

Abstract

Fishes have evolved diverse mechanisms to generate sound. These include rubbing of bony elements against each other (stridulation), vibrating swim bladders or pectoral girdles via rapidly contracting muscles, and plucking enhanced tendons of pectoral fins. While stridulatory or plucking mechanisms produce wideband pulsed sounds with frequencies extending up to several kHz, vibration of the swim bladder results in lowfrequency (<1 kHz) tonal, often harmonic, signals. In shallow waters, where most of the vocalizing fishes (and frogs) live, sound propagation is very much limited below a certain cutoff frequency. This implies that the communication range is restricted to no more than a few meters, quite different therefore FROM open ocean marine mammals, whose sounds travel hundreds of kilometers.

Fishes have also evolved a large diversity of hearing abilities. While most species known as hearing generalists are restricted to detecting low frequencies below 500Hz and the particle motion component of sound, other species have morphological structures such as Weberian ossicles that effectively couple the inner ear to air-filled vibrating chambers within the body, thus allowing sound pressure detection. These accessory hearing structures enable such hearing specialists (otophysines, mormyrids, and anabantoids) to extend their hearing range up to several kHz. A correlation between auditory sensitivity and sound spectra is found in numerous species, although the distribution of sonic organs and hearing abilities among otophysans and other teleosts does not always support this pattern.

Hearing specializations are often characteristic of whole taxa, whereas sonic organs appear in a limited number of species within these taxa. Therefore, it is assumed that hearing specializations evolved much earlier.The major selective pressure influencing the evolution of hearing specializations among teleosts is most likely predator avoidance and/or prey detection in quiet freshwater habitats and to a lesser degree the optimization of acoustic communication.

A small number of frogs call and communicate acoustically underwater. The pipid Xenopus produces click-like signals that resemble those of numerous fish species. Interestingly, these signals are produced by a modified larynx. Similar to fishes, auditory sensitivity is apparently enhanced by coupling the ear to air-filled spaces such as the lung and the middle-ear cavity. Thus, it seems that fishes and frogs evolved similar mechanisms for sound production and detection in response to the physical limitations of their environment.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Zoology, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria

    Friedrich Ladich

  2. Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 148653, USA

    Andrew H. Bass

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  1. Friedrich Ladich
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia

    Shaun P. Collin

  2. Vision Touch and Hearing Research Centre School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia

    N. Justin Marshall

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Ladich, F., Bass, A.H. (2003). Underwater Sound Generation and Acoustic Reception in Fishes with Some Notes on Frogs. In: Collin, S.P., Marshall, N.J. (eds) Sensory Processing in Aquatic Environments. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-22628-6_9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-22628-6_9

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