Abstract
Although many people agree that there is something morally troubling in the phenomenon of brain drain, it is also often claimed that the substantial benefits it can bring to source communities may go some way to balance, or even outweigh, its negative consequences. It has been suggested that source countries and remaining family members and communities derive benefits from migrants by way of wealth and knowledge transfers. In this chapter, we examine the empirical details behind the ethical claims. We weigh the two main purported benefits of health human resources (HHR) migration: remittances and the transfer of knowledge, against the losses of knowledge, experience and labour that occur to developing countries. While such benefits do indeed exist, evidence suggests that their impact on source country health systems is indirect, or temporary, and likely to be incommensurate with the permanent losses to source countries.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aluwihare, A. P. R. (2005), ‘Physician Migration: Donor Country Impact’, Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 25, 15–21.
Astor, A., Tasleem, A., Matallana, M. A., Muthuswamy, V., Olowu, F. A., Tallo, V. and Lie, R. K. (2005), ‘Physician Migration: Views from Professionals in Colombia, Nigeria, India, Pakistan and the Philippines’, Social Science & Medicine, 61(2), 2492–500.
Attaran, A. and Walker, R. B. (2008), ‘Shoppers Drug Mart or Poachers Drug Mart?’ Canadian Medical Association Journal, 178(3), 265–6.
Awases, M., Nyoni, J., Gbary, A. and Chatora, R. (2004), Migration of Health Professionals in Six Countries: A Synthesis Report, Geneva: WHO.
Bach, S. (2006), International Mobility of Health Professionals: Brain Drain or Brain Exchange? Helsinki: Wider World Institute for Development Economics Research.
Chanda, R. (2002), ‘Trade in Health Services’, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 80(2), 158–63.
Chikanda, A. (2005), Medical Leave: The Exodus of Health Professionals from Zimbabwe, Cape Town: IDASA.
Cohen, R. (2007), Brain Drain Migration, available online at http://www.queensu.ca/samp/transform/Cohen1.htm [accessed 8 June 2009].
Collier, P., Hoeffler, A. and Pattillo, C. (2004), ‘Africa’s Exodus: Capital Flight and the Brain Drain as Portfolio Decisions’, Journal of African Economies, 13, 15–54.
Connell, J. and Brown, R. (2004), ‘The Remittances of Migrant Tongan and Samoan Nurses from Australia’, Human Resources for Health, 2 (2), available online at http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=407854& blobtype=pdf [accessed 8 June 2009].
Eastwood, J., Conroy, R., Naicker, S., West, P., Tutt, R. and Plange-Rhule, J. (2005), ‘Loss of Health Professionals from Sub-Saharan Africa: The Pivotal Role of the UK’, Lancet, 365, 1893–900.
Frank, R. (2005), ‘International Migration and Infant Health in Mexico’, Journal of Immigrant Health, 7(1), 11–22.
Frank, R. and Hummer, R. A. (2002), ‘The Other Side of the Paradox: The Risk of Low Birth Weight among Infants of Migrant and Nonmigrant Households within Mexico’, International Migration Review, 36(3), 746–65.
Gaillard, A. M. and Gaillard, J. (2003), ‘Science and Technology in the Context of International Scientific Migration’, Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems, Paris: UNESCO.
Goldfarb, R. and Havrylyshyn, O. (1984), ‘Can Remittances Compensate for Manpower Outflows: The Case of Philippine Physicians’, Journal of Development Economics, 5(1–3), 1–17.
Hildebrandt, N. and McKenzie, D. J. (2005), ‘The Effects of Migration on Child Health In Mexico’, Economia, 6(1), 257–89.
Hertlein, S. and Vadean, F. (2006), Remittances a Bridge between Migration and Development? Focus Migration Policy Brief No. 5, Hamburg: Hamburg Institute of International Economics.
Kapur, D. and McHale, J. (2005a), Give Us Your Best and Brightest: The Global Hunt for Talent and Its Impact on the Developing World, Washington: Brookings Institution Press.
Kapur, D. and McHale, J. (2005b), The Global Migration of Talent: What Does it Mean for Developing Countries? CGD Brief, Washington: Washington Center for Global Development.
Kingma, M. (2007), ‘Nurses on the Move: A Global Overview’, Health Services Research, 42(3), 1281–98.
Kirigia, J., Gbary, A., Muthuri, L., Nyoni, J. and Seddoh, A. (2006), ‘The Cost of Health Professionals’ Brain Drain in Kenya’, BMC Health Services Research, 6 (1), available online at http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/6/89 [accessed 8 June 2009].
Lowell, B. L. and Findlay, A. (2001), Migration of Highly Skilled Persons from Developing Countries: Impact and Policy Responses, Synthesis report, International Migration Branch, Geneva: International Labour Office.
Martin, P. (2003), Highly Skilled Labour Migration: Sharing the Benefits, Geneva: International Labour Organization.
Martineau, T., Decker, K. and Bundred, P. (2002), Briefing Note on International Migration of Health Professionals: Levelling the Playing Field for Developing Country Health Systems, Liverpool: Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine.
Mensah, K., Mackintosh, M. and Henry, L. (2005), The ‘Skills Drain’ of Health Professionals from the Developing World: A Framework for Policy Formulation, London: Medact.
Mullan, F. (2006), ‘Doctors for the World: Indian Physician Emigration’, Health Affairs, 25(2), 380–93.
Newland, K., Rannveig Agunias, D. and Terrazas, A. (2008), Learning by Doing: Experiences of Circular Migration, Washington: Migration Policy Institute.
Nullis-Kapp, C. (2005), ‘Efforts Under Way to Stem “Brain Drain” of Doctors and Nurses’, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 83(2), 84–5.
Orozco, M. (2003), Worker Remittances: An International Comparison, Inter-American Dialogue Working Paper, Washington: Inter-American Development Bank.
Orozco, M. and Rouse, R. (2007), Migrant Hometown Associations and Opportunities for Development: A Global Perspective, Washington: Migration Policy Institute.
Ouaked, S. (2002), ‘Transatlantic Roundtable on High-skilled Migration and Sending Countries Issues’, International Migration, 40(4), 153–66.
Oyowe, A. (1996). ‘Brain Drain: Colossal Loss of Investment for Developing Countries’, Courier ACP-EU, Vol. 159, 59–60, as cited in Chikanda, A. (2005) ‘Nurse Migration from Zimbabwe: Analysis of Recent Trends and Impacts’, Nursing Inquiry, 12, (3) 162–74.
Pang, T., Lansang, M. and Haines, A. (2002), ‘Brain Drain and Health Professionals’, British Medical Journal, 324, 499–500.
Poros, M. V. (2001), ‘The Role of Migrant Networks in Linking Local Labour Markets: The Case of Asian Indian Migration to New York and London’, Global Networks, 1(3), 243–59.
Puri, S. and Ritzema, T. (1999), Migrant Worker Remittances, Micro-Finance and the Informal Economy: Prospects and Issues, Working Paper No. 21, Geneva: International Labour Organization.
Reinke, J. (2007), Remittances in the Balance of Payments Framework: Current Problems and Forthcoming Improvements. Seminar on Remittance Statistics, Ljubljana, Slovenia: The Center of Excellence in Finance.
Robinson, R. (2007), Globalization, Immigrants’ Transnational Agency and Economic Development in their Homelands, FOCAL Policy Paper, Ottawa: FOCAL Canadian Foundation for the Americas.
Sander, C. (2003), ‘Capturing a Market Share? Migrant Remittance Transfers & Commercialisation of Microfinance in Africa’, Paper prepared for the Conference on Current Issues in Microfinance, Johannesburg, 12–14 August 2003.
Schiff, M. (2005), ‘Brain Gain: Claims about its Size and Impact on Welfare and Growth are Greatly Exaggerated’, IZA Discussion Paper No. 1599, Bonn: World Bank and IZA.
Schmid, K. (2006), ‘Searching for Greener Pastures — A Caribbean Perspective’, Migration, 17–18.
Serneels, P., Lindelow, M., Garcia-Montalvo, J. and Barr, A. (2005), For Public Service or Money: Understanding Geographical Imbalances in the Health Workforce, Washington: World Bank.
Stilwell, B., Diallo, K., Zurn, P., Dal Poz, M., Adams, O. and Buchan, J. (2003), ‘Developing Evidence-Based Ethical Policies on the Migration of Health Workers: Conceptual and Practical Challenges’, Human Resources for Health, 1 (8), available online at: http://www.human-resources-health.com/content/1/1/8 [accessed 8 June 2009].
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) (2005), International Migration and the Millennium Development Goals. Selected Papers of the UNFPA Expert Group Meeting, New York: UNFPA.
World Bank (2001), Global Economic Prospects and the Developing Countries 2002: Making Trade Work for the World’s Poor, Washington: World Bank.
World Bank (2005), Global Development Finance 2005: Mobilizing Finance and Managing Vulnerability, Washington: World Bank.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2010 Corinne Packer, Vivien Runnels and Ronald Labonté
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Packer, C., Runnels, V., Labonté, R. (2010). Does the Migration of Health Workers Bring Benefits to the Countries They Leave Behind?. In: Shah, R.S. (eds) The International Migration of Health Workers. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230307292_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230307292_4
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-30941-2
Online ISBN: 978-0-230-30729-2
eBook Packages: Palgrave Religion & Philosophy CollectionPhilosophy and Religion (R0)