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Mechanisms Underlying HFMD Clinical Pathology in Children

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Molecular Biology of Hand-Foot-Mouth Diseases

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Abstract

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is generally recognized as a contagious viral disease that commonly occurs in children worldwide, with a high incidence in Asia–Pacific regions in the past 20 years (Koh et al., Pediatr Infect Dis J 35(10):e285–e300, 2016; Puenpa et al., J Biomed Sci 26(1):75, 2019). Since 2000, major epidemics have emerged in East Asia (Huang et al., Emerg Infect Dis 24(3):432, 2018), and numerous large outbreaks have been reported in Taiwan (Chang et al., Pediatrics 109(6):e88, 2002), China; Anhui Province, mainland China; Australia (McMinn et al., Clin Infect Dis 32(2):236–242, 2001); and Southeast Asia (Khanh et al., Emerg Infect Dis 18(12):2002–2005, 2012). Several million HFMD cases have been reported in children. In approximately 1.5–2% of fatal cases, evidence of neurological disorders is identified (Koh et al., BMJ Glob Health 3(1):e000442, 2018; Gonzalez et al., Int J Mol Sci 20(20):5201, 2019), and in some cases, death may be potentially attributed to neurogenic pulmonary edema (PE) or cardiovascular complications occurring within a short time of damage to the nervous system (Wang et al., Pathology 48(3):267–274, 2016). Although cases of fatal HFMD account for only 0.1% of all cases, because HFMD primarily affects children under 2 years of age (Chan et al., Clin Infect Dis 31(3):678–683, 2000), HFMD, especially fatal HFMD, is a public health issue worthy of attention.

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  1. Department of Viral Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China

    Xingli Xu

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  1. Department of Viral Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China

    Xingli Xu

  2. Vaccine CLINICAL Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China

    Yanchun Che

  3. Department of Viral Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China

    Qihan Li

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Xu, X. (2024). Mechanisms Underlying HFMD Clinical Pathology in Children. In: Xu, X., Che, Y., Li, Q. (eds) Molecular Biology of Hand-Foot-Mouth Diseases. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9660-5_3

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