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Exotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus

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Staphylococcus aureus

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Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus produces a variety of exotoxins, which are important virulence factors for S. aureus-related diseases. Representatively, staphylococcal enterotoxins induce staphylococcal food-born poisoning; toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, which is a typical superantigen, induces toxic shock syndrome; hemolysins induce cell damages of erythrocyte and leukocyte; and exfoliative toxin induces staphylococcal skin scalded syndrome. Recently, a cytotoxin, Panton-Valentine leukocidin which is produced by community-associated MRSA is noticeable. This chapter addresses novel information in activities and stability of the exotoxins produced by S. aureus.

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Abbreviations

5-HT:

Serotonin

ADAM10:

A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10

agr:

Accessory gene regulator

APC:

Antigen-presenting cell

BCR:

B-cell receptor

CDR:

Complementarity-determining region

DARC:

DUFFY antigen receptor for chemokines

Dsg1:

Desmoglein 1

egc:

Enterotoxin gene cluster

ET:

Exfoliative toxin

FPR2:

Formyl peptide receptor 2

IFN-γ:

Gamma interferon

Ig:

Immunoglobulin

IL-1:

Interleukin 1

INCSS:

International Nomenclature Committee for Staphylococcal Superantigens

Luk:

Leukocidin

MDT:

Membrane-damaged toxin

MHC:

Major histocompatibility complex

PAMP:

Pathogen recognition molecular pattern

PC:

Phosphatidylcholine

PE:

Phosphatidyletanolamine

PFT:

Pore-forming toxin

PG:

Phosphatidylglycerol

PI:

Phosphatidylinositol

Pmt:

Phenol-soluble modulin transporter

PS:

Phosphatidylserine

PSM:

Phenol-soluble modulin

PVL:

Panton-Valentine leucocidin

RBC:

Red blood cell

SAg:

Superantigen

SaPI:

Staphylococcus aureus pathogenicity island

SE:

Staphylococcal enterotoxin

SEA:

Staphylococcal enterotoxin A

SEl:

Staphylococcal enterotoxin-like toxin

SElU:

Staphylococcal enterotoxin-like toxin U

SMase:

Sphingomyelinase

SpA:

Staphylococcal protein A

TCR:

T-cell receptor

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor α

TSS:

Toxic shock syndrome

TSST-1:

Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Aomori, Japan

    Dong-Liang Hu & Hisaya K. Ono

  2. College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China

    Shaowen Li

  3. College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Congqing, China

    Rendong Fang

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  1. Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan

    Akio Nakane

  2. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan

    Krisana Asano

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Hu, DL., Ono, H.K., Li, S., Fang, R. (2024). Exotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus. In: Nakane, A., Asano, K. (eds) Staphylococcus aureus. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9428-1_3

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