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Herbs for Autoimmune Diseases

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Role of Herbal Medicines

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Abstract

The incidence of autoimmune diseases worldwide is on the rise, with extensive impact on lifestyle of individuals and spiralling healthcare costs. Phytotherapies are increasingly being deployed in management and treatment of various autoimmune diseases, primarily due to the restricted therapeutic benefit and serious side effects and toxicities associated with the long-term use of biologicals and other immunosuppressant drugs that currently form the mainstay of autoimmune disease management. This chapter focuses on providing an update on herbs reported in management and treatment of autoimmune diseases, with detailed, in-depth understanding of their molecular-level mechanism of action and modulation of various cell signalling pathways including NF-κB, STAT/JAK, MAPK and iNOS. Insights into the aetiology and pathogenesis of some of the major autoimmune diseases help in figuring out the arsenal of herbs that can be developed as effective therapeutic agents against these difficult-to-manage disease conditions. We take a look at phytotherapies reported for treatment and management of organ-specific and systemic autoimmune conditions including systemic lupus erythematosus, skin-related autoimmune conditions (atopic dermatitis, vitiligo and psoriasis), Addison’s disease and neurodegenerative diseases (multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease).

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Abbreviations

(NF-κB):

Nuclear factor kappa light of activation B cell

11-HSD:

11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

4-TBC:

4-tert-Butylcatechol

4-TBP:

4-tert-Butylphenol

6-OHDA:

6-Hydroxydopamine

AAD :

Autoimmune Addison’s disease

ABTS:

2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)

ACE:

Angiotensin-converting enzyme

ACTH :

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

ADCC:

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

ADs:

Autoimmune diseases

AIRE:

Autoimmune regulator

ALD:

Alzheimer’s disease

AP-1:

Activator protein-1

APCs:

Antigen-presenting cells

APECED:

Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy

APP :

Amyloid precursor protein

APS1:

Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1

APS2 :

Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 2

AR:

Aldose reductase

AS-IV:

Astragaloside IV

B cells:

Bursa-derived cell

BBB:

Blood brain barrier

CAT :

Catalase

CCL:

Chemokine ligand

CD:

Clusters of differentiation cell

CFA :

Complete Ferund’s adjuvant

CLDN1:

Claudin-1

CNS :

Central nervous system

COX-2:

Cyclooxygenase-2

CTLA-4:

Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Antigen-4

CTLs:

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes

CXCL:

CXC chemokine ligand

DA:

Dopamine

DAD:

Diallyl disulfide

DAT:

Diallyl trisulfide

DCs:

Dendritic cells

DJ-1:

Protein deglycase

DLE :

Discoid lupus erythematosus

DPPH :

α,α-Diphenyl-β-picryl hydrazyl

EAE:

Experimental autoimmune encephalitis

EBV :

Epstein-Barr virus

EC :

Epicatechin

ECG :

Epicatechin gallate

EGC :

Epigallocatechin

EGCG:

Epigallocatechin gallate

ER:

Endoplasmic reticulum

ERK :

Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase

FLG :

Filaggrin

Foxp3:

Forkhead box protein 3 gene

GluR3 :

Glutamate receptor

GM-CSF:

Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor

GR :

Glucocorticoid receptor

HBD-2:

Human beta-defensin

HD :

Huntington’s disease

HHV6:

Human herpes virus-6

HLA:

Human lymphocyte antigen

HLA:

Human lymphocyte antigen-27

IB kinase:

I-kappa B kinase

IBD:

Inflammatory bowel disease

IFNs:

Type 1 interferons

IFN-β:

Interferon-β

IFN-γ:

Interferon-gamma

IgE:

Immunoglobulin E

IL :

Interleukin

ILC3:

Innate lymphoid cells 3

IMQ:

Imiquimod

iNOS :

Inducible nitric oxide synthase

IPEX syndrome:

Immune polyendocrinopathy X-linked syndrome

IRF :

Interferon regulatory factor

JAK/STAT:

Janus kinase/signal transducer and activators of transcription

LN :

Lupus nephritis

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

MBEH:

Monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone

MC1R:

Melanocortin 1 receptor

MEOg :

Methanol extraction of O. gratissimum leaves

MHC:

Major histocompatibility complex

MMP:

Matrix metalloproteinase

MOG:

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein

MPP+ :

1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion

MPTP:

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine

MS:

Multiple sclerosis

MSH:

Melanocyte stimulating hormone

n-BuOH:

n-Butanolic

NBUVB :

Narrowband UVB

NGF:

Nerve growth factor

NL:

Neonatal lupus

NMDA :

N-methyl-d-aspartate

NO:

Nitric oxide

NSAID:

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

NSO:

Noni seed oil

OCA2 :

Oculocutaneous albinism

OVA:

Ovalbumin

OXA :

Oxazolone

PAG:

Processed Aloe vera gel

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

PGE2:

Prostaglandin E2

PHF:

Pentaherbs formula

PINK1 :

PTEN induced putative kinase 1

PPMS:

Primary progressive MS

ProFLG:

Pro-filaggrin

PSEN1:

Presenilin 1

PSEN2:

Presenilin 2

PTS :

Propyl-propane thiosulfinate

PTSO :

Propyl-propane thiosulfonate

RA:

Rheumatoid arthritis

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

RRMS:

Relapsing remitting MS

SAC :

S-allyl-cysteine

SLE:

Systemic lupus erythematosus

SPMS :

Secondary progressive MS

SPP1:

Secreted phosphoprotein 1

SS:

Sjogren’s syndrome

STAT-3:

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3

T CELLS:

T lymphocytes

TAP1 :

Transporters associated with antigen processing protein-1

T-bet:

T-box expressed in T cells

TCR:

T-cell receptor

TEFF:

Effector T cells

Tfh:

T follicular helper

TGF-β:

Transforming growth factor beta

Th:

T helper cell

TH:

Tyrosine hydroxylase

TLRs:

Toll-like receptors

TNFATP3:

TNF alpha induced protein 3

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor-α

Treg:

Regulatory T cells

TSLP:

Lymphopoietin

TSN:

Tanshione IIA

TwHF :

Tripterygium wilfordii hook f.

TYR :

Tyrosine

UCH-L1:

Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1

UPR :

Unfolded protein response

UPS :

Ubiquitin-proteasome system

WS :

Withania somnifera

ZO1 :

Zonula occludens-1

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

    A. Mukne, S. Dangat, P. Shirodkar & K. Sawate

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  2. S. Dangat
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  1. Department of Pharmacy, Contai Polytechnic, Government of West Bengal, Kolkatta, West Bengal, India

    Amal Kumar Dhara

  2. Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

    Subhash C. Mandal

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Mukne, A., Dangat, S., Shirodkar, P., Sawate, K. (2023). Herbs for Autoimmune Diseases. In: Dhara, A.K., Mandal, S.C. (eds) Role of Herbal Medicines . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-7703-1_18

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