Keywords

Introduction

The new expansion of cellular network reaches to 5G technology. 5G is affected by several factors like high mobility access in a dense area, lifespan of battery, communication system, traffic scenarios, low latency, etc. 5G technology also enters to the industrial sector with the help of IoT technique. As the clients of mobile servers increases day by day, the apprehension for network issues also arises simultaneously. The introduction of IoT systems based on 5G technology resolves various problems related to network and the combination of these technologies works as a backbone to the growing economy of the emerging field (Alsharif et al. 2018). There are various unresolved challenges in the system such as security at the level of edge devices, large-scale deployments, low latency, communication issues and network connectivity. The IoT technology made the system more efficient and smart. It is applied for different areas like transportation system, electricity supply system, water reservation, smart homes, and the whole smart city. IoT incorporation with 5G improves the quality of service, communication system, network connectivity, etc. Also the cellular networks associated with IoT contributes toward the growth of economy of country as well as efficiency of communication system for human lives (Ericsson Mobility Report 2018; Yaqoob et al. 2019). There is an exponential increase in mobile subscribers which also enhances the data traffic and the average utilization of data per user also increases (Sah et al. 2019). The data operators have to supervise the performance of the whole network and energy efficiency has to be maintained while retaining the connectivity (Alsharif and Nordin 2017). According to today’s environmental and economic conditions, the most focused area is energy efficiency for the operators (Abrol et al. 2018; Gautam et al. 2019). Researchers are working in the field of “green communication system” nowadays. Carbon neutrality is a heavily desired feature for network providers based upon energy savings. Also, due to energy savings, it is a cost effective method to make the system more reliable and sustainable in terms of the financial aspect of a network (Mowla et al. 2017). The combination of 5G communication and IoT system addresses some of the crucial issues of the network which is not only helpful to the particular mobile user but also to the overall communication system. 5G is not to substitute other running technologies in a cellular system but to provide stability and improvement in the current network so that a strong, reliable, sustainable and fast communication system can be established globally (Hasan et al. 2011).

The above given background shows that there are lots of issues that can be solved by using the combination of various techniques of 5G, IoT, and MWSN. Also there are lots of challenges in the field of energy efficiency in 5G communication system. So, this motivates us to do a review and study of various parameters which is helpful to understand the accountability of energy efficiency and IoT services in 5G system for mobile wireless sensor networks. The major contribution of this work can be summarized as follows.

  • Identifying the issue based upon rigorous literature study.

  • To make understand the basic concept of energy efficiency, 5G system along with IoT in MWSN.

  • To summarize the concept of energy efficiency, 5G network through its frequency bands, technologies, IoT-based services, etc. and IoT techniques, its challenges and security threats, etc.

The remainder of the work is organized as follows. Section “Energy Efficiency in Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks” discusses the energy efficiency in terms of IoT in MWSN. Further, the section presents the basics of energy efficiency in MWSN through its architecture and existing schemes. The evolution of 5G networks, its frequency band, security issues, etc. are addressed in third section. Section “IoT Services Based on 5G” shows the IoT services, challenges, industry supported techniques followed by the “Conclusion” section.

Energy Efficiency in Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks

One of the most desired features of sensor networks is energy efficiency. The optimization of energy with respect to mobile nodes is a very tough task. The below-given Fig. 8.1 is of basic architecture of a mobile wireless sensor network. In this type of network, sensor nodes are mobile, and at every time instance, they change their position resulting in frequent connection make-break with the access points. This makes it really tedious to analyze these kinds of systems.

Fig. 8.1
A diagram of the basic architecture of a mobile wireless sensor network. Mobile sensor nodes in an area connect to a sensor node that further connects the mobile base station followed by an access point and the internet and reach the client.

Basic architecture of mobile wireless sensor network (MWSN)

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The evolution of sensor nodes has seen an increase in low-power devices with reduced power utilization thus making them suitable for power constraint systems. The sensors work together to form a network known as a wireless sensor network. They are used for data processing at high-risk zones as well for environmental factors and many more. The critical issue associated with sensors is that battery lifetime is limited and uninterrupted connectivity must be maintained (Mostafaei et al. 2018). The energy efficiency is maintained by optimizing power consumption. Also, the network designing plays a vital role to utilize the resources efficiently (Liu et al. 2018; Feng et al. 2013). The percolation subject is there to learn about network issues (Wang et al. 2017). The researchers explore the probability of network connectivity while optimizing the energy consumption. Also the battery life time is enhanced by reducing the transmit power. In MWSN the major task is to continue communication with the same energy level as in mobile wireless sensor network at every instance of time even when the point of contact changes. The modern sensor network is deployed in association with coverage of the network for ad-hoc networks. Moreover, the network is divided into smaller cell with single and multiple hops (Naghibi and Barati 2020). The reinforcement technique is used to observe the natural conditions to identify the transmission and reception of the signal in the mobile wireless sensor network. It is validated with the help of simulation (Banerjeea et al. 2020). A selective method for hoping is used to maximize the lifetime of the network (Kakhandki et al. 2018). Some of the researchers work on the capacity and cost of the system, they give a power management system to enhance the capacity of the system which is cost effective (Sofi and Gupta 2018). The authors of Sofi and Gupta (2018) developed a scheduling algorithm and energy-based routing protocol for the evaluation of residual energy. It was also compared with other pre-existing techniques (Buzzi et al. 2016; Usama and Erol-Kantarci 2019). In Liu and Wu (2019), the authors presented an algorithm for retaining the connectivity within the network, and some of the researchers presented the survey on clustering algorithm (Buzzi and Poor 2016; Minoli and Occhiogrosso 2019). The paper proposed a security-based routing protocol for enhancing the network lifetime (Shafiabadi et al. 2021). Numerous other published works are available which are based upon energy efficiency, network issue, connectivity, and network lifetime in which the authors used different techniques to improve like graph theory, transmission model for node density, etc. (Usama and Erol-Kantarci 2019; Wang et al. 2019; Kaur and Kaur 2021; Tahiliani and Dizalwar 2018). The below-given Table 8.1 is to show the summary of some of the researchers work in the field of mobile wireless sensor networks in terms of energy efficiency.

Table 8.1 Review on existing energy efficiency schemes and challenges
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Basic Concept of 5G Technology

The vital development in living style leads to the new developments in communication techniques. The growing era shows a significant change in communication traffic volume. Industry observers identified that the role of 5G technology makes the communication system more advanced and fast as compared to the existing telecom network (GSMA 2018). The devices in 5G network are connected in such a manner that it processes through 5G core network via 5G access network. 5G is an expansion of 4G network with new radio features. The 5G core network is implemented to support IoT system with improvements in network slicing and services in comparison to the 4G network. Also, the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) base stations are included in 5G access network. The important aspects of 4G systems like low-power system, low latency, and energy optimization in NB-IoT are used in 5G systems. The slicing of network allows users to use network as a service and the wireless traffic is enhanced by using these services like virtual services, augmented reality, IoT techniques, entertainment with high resolution, etc. The implementers of network constructed the design in such a way that it covers all the remote areas as well as the urban one. The signals spread all over the network uniformly, in many countries the transition in cellular network is used by new generation as compared to the former technology used. Therefore, the 5G is evolved with the new era and it is faster than existing 4G networks (Goyal et al. 2021; Ahmad et al. 2020). The fundamentals of 5G networks are laid down in some of the advanced countries and but the technology used before 5G like 4G/LTE is also existing still there. The realization of the 5G with various situations is described in Table 8.2.

Table 8.2 Realization of 5G technology for different cases
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Evolution of 5G

5G network is the enhancement of 4G technology and has a new radio access that is also known as 5G “New Radio (NR)”. The new network of 5G system has different features like controlling of user pane, virtualization of network, slicing of network, low latency, and high speed data (Priyadarshini et al. 2021a). The designing of 5G NR model is made in such a way that it should be compatible with existing LTE system. The configuration of new 5G NR system is dual frequency in nature. This is the reason it is compatible with LTE system and also with narrow band IoT. It might be happened that different elements have to be inserted in 5G system with different access, to do this basically two techniques are in fashion right now, i.e., non-standalone (NSA) and standalone (SA). The standalone technique contains all the core part of 5G radio access and the Non-standalone technique uses dual frequency mode to access with existing LTE packet core. The network deployment in different parts of countries may take a long time might be a decade as every area has its own situation and migration configuration will vary according to the various situations of the different areas (Dhiman and Sharma 2021). The implementation of IoT requires information related to 5G features and new radio access. The service provider continues with LTE and existing network features along with 5G NR to access the IoT-based network. The 5G network also supports 28 GHz millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum. Also the system is threatened by various types of threats that can damage the network in various ways. The effect of threats in a 5G network is discussed in Table 8.3 with respect to the different elements of the system (Varga et al. 2017; Arora et al. 2020).

Table 8.3 5G technology security threats (Dhiman and Sharma 2021)
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Frequency Band of 5G System

The spectrum of 5G spreads over multiple frequency bands starting from sub-GHz to millimeter-wave. The sub-bands are categorized into three macro groups, i.e., 1, 1–6, and above 6 GHz. 5G spectrum very well uses the millimeter waves for a higher data rate. The 5G generation has more bandwidth and higher frequency rate. Earlier without modified MIMO antenna only around 10 bits per hertz was the channel bandwidth (Sachan et al. 2021). Now the adaption of new radio techniques like D2D, massive MIMO, ultra-dense networks, etc. enhances the data rate of the new mobile generation and IoT environment. The mm-wave spectrum is from 30 to 300 GHz and also called as extremely high frequency (EHF). The 5G network mostly uses 3.5 GHz, mm frequency bands ranging from 30 to 73 GHz, also some other frequency bands. To fulfill the scarcity of spectrum the service provider has to use the spectrum effectively and the utilization of smaller cell has to be keenly observed. The 5G technology is about to use beam-tracking and beam forming while the cell antenna is focused on the signal when device is tracked when in mobility (Ghanem et al. 2021). The throughput and directivity are optimized by using the beamforming technique as it uses a huge number of antennas to access the signal.

5G Innovative Technologies

  • Millimeter Waves: These are used for shorter distance and has a range of 30 GHz to 300Ghz. These are used for smaller cells at shorter distance.

  • Massive MIMO: This makes an efficient spectrum utilization as large number of antennas are connected together to cover huge area. It has less interference due to beamforming capability which makes it more efficient to use.

  • Heterogeneous Network (HetNet): It provides good capacity and coverage with different technologies.

  • Software Define Radio (SDN): It divides the plane as data and control to provide the high speed network. It manages the network more efficiently to do the further processing.

  • Network Functions Virtualization (NFV): It transfers the functions to virtual networks like servers, switches, hardware, etc., this is efficient as it full the requirement of hardware changes also. It decouples the hardware from the system which enhances the scalability of the network.

5G Network slicing is also one of the important parameters of the 5G system. It is the type of configuration that allows various networks to work on the same platform. The network is divided into various slices and each slice is according to the need of the application. Figure 8.2 shows the 5G network slicing example as per the applications.

Fig. 8.2
A diagram of 5 G network slicing. Broadband links entertainment communication by the broadband, machine-to-machine links shipping retail by I o T, low latency links automobile medical links by critical I o T, and others link other applications by other slices.

5G network slicing

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IoT Services Based on 5G

The total revenue of IoT worldwide is expected to increase by 23% by 2025. The integration of features of both NB-IoT and LTE-M along with 5G enhances the capability of IoT structure. There are lots of commercial deployments of IoT networks at the global level. It will be a tough task for operators to meet the data rate requirement of the user as per transmission demands. The operators have to work hard on their service models to enhance the efficiency of the network. The major market (around 70%) of IoT networks will be covered by its platforms, services, and applications by 2025. Mostly the services which are provided professionally will be enhanced by 25% in the near future by using IoT networks.

Figure 8.3 shows the basic architecture of the internet of things. It shows that data is sent through the devices via gateway to the cloud. It can be processed there and clients can use that data. Each and every data is stored in the cloud and one can process it by deriving it from there only.

Fig. 8.3
A basic architecture of the I o T network depicts the flow of data from devices to the gateway followed by the cloud, analytics, and client interface.

Basic architecture of IoT network

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IoT Industry Supported by 5G Technology

The modern techniques and application of IoT are supported by 5G technology. In this section cases of industries with the adoption of modern methodology are discussed which have the specific role of 5G in it. Table 8.4 summarizes the resistance of various wireless technologies to the Internet of Things (IoT).

Table 8.4 Persistency of wireless technology for IoT (Sachan et al. 2021; Priyadarshini et al. 2021b)
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Industry 4.0

5G supports Industry 4.0 for most of the applications and methodologies incorporated in the industry. In the manufacturing industry, the recent trend is information exchange and automation which is known as industry 4.0 (Sachan et al. 2021). The major area of focus is cyber-physical system, the Internet of things, and cloud cognitive computing. It creates a smart factory with a modern structure in which cyber-physical system processes the physical network. The limitations in 3G/4G are omitted with the help of 5G technology like the huge population of devices, large energy consumption, more delay and efficacy of wireless network, etc. The researchers focus on 5G industrial applications for various features like high data rates, low latency, robustness, etc. The 5G network shows a better option as compared to the wired network. It also has good industrial applications with heterogeneous data resources. It has a variety of features that emphasis on energy efficiency, mobility in network, virtualization and mesh network, etc. The researchers further listed the communication network features, processing, infrastructure issues, and reference architecture of Industry 4.0. The distributed robotics capabilities are shown with the help of 5G technology by the authors. The mobile robots are used to detect critical issues in real-time 5G scenarios. The communication is set up between mobile robot and cloud server to process the critical loads. The complexity of NB-IoT performance is also calculated with the help of cloud server in harsh environment, also it has been observed that LTE cannot full fill the requirement of industry (Sachan et al. 2021). There is various technique that enable LTE system to work under 10 ms of delay (Priyadarshini et al. 2021b), but at other end in 5G technology the process can be done under 5 ms of delay with more than 50% of traffic load (Priyadarshini et al. 2021c; Singh et al. 2021) which shows the capabilities of the 5G technology in comparison to the existing ones.

Palpable Internet

The palpable Internet performs all the operations of physical interaction while incurring manipulations. The concept of the palpable Internet is to operate with health care system, smart grids, infrastructure, education, etc. (Sahu et al. 2021). It enables the technique to control virtual and real platform by humans. It can be controlled by human reaction of listening, visualizing, and manual interaction. The need for palpable Internet is to maintain connectivity in critical situation to achieve user’s requirements. The basics of 5G features and services are elaborated to deal with palpable internet (Sharma et al. 2021a). The 5G system architecture is based on software-based design on the basis of distributed cloud structure. Table 8.5 shows the different types of issues and their solutions that are presented in the IoT system.

Table 8.5 Challenges and solutions supported by IoT (Sharma et al. 2021a)
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Security of IoT in 5G System

To deal with security concerns is the most critical task in the area of IoT. In today’s era the security concern is the most important aspect of day-to-day life, so many IoT devices are placed for residential as well as industrial security. The deployment of IoT devices is widespread to achieve the solutions for threats and security issues of the network (Ha et al. 2021). As compared to the conventional network IoT structure has different security issues, also the IoT devices are low-power device with low storage capacity that’s why all types of solutions cannot be used for end to end security issues (Arsh et al. 2021). The network has a heterogeneous system for the security threats and relates it with cloud servers to process the IoT services (Sharma et al. 2021b). Table 8.6 summarizes the security issues in IoT with their alleviation possibility for different layers.

Table 8.6 Security menaces in IoT with their alleviation possibility (Sharma et al. 2021b)
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Conclusion

The chapter presents a holistic approach to show the review on energy efficiency with their challenges in mobile wireless sensor networks. The basics of 5G network are very well analyzed in the paper in terms of their evolution, technologies, security issues, and frequency bands. The role of IoT networks w.r.t to 5G technology is also discussed and shows that it has a very high impact on overall 5G system associated with IoT and mobile wireless sensor network (MWSN).