Keywords

Introduction

The rapid evolution of architecture, communication services, and technologies has stimulated due to the demand for new applications, research innovations, and other foremost possibilities for enhancements at various levels (Rappaport et al. 2014). These changes are driving a fundamental shift in the process of designing and delivering infrastructure and services. Communication systems have generally been envisioned and run as centralized secure utility services, with fewer options for specialization and customization, especially at the network edge (Holma et al. 2015). Supportive infrastructure is built and delivered consistently, according to a set of specific designs, resulting in hardened structures that should last for many years (Stallings 2007). In an environment where service requirements are constantly changing, this method is somewhat limited. Traditional rigid designs make it difficult to create, enhance, deploy, and customize services.

The constant increase in wireless user data usage, devices, and the desire for an experience of improved quality have overall affected the advancement of cellular network generations. At the end of 2020, there were over 50 billion linked devices that were using cellular network services, which has resulted in a massive increase in data traffic in comparison to 2014. On the other hand, the solutions are insufficient to address the aforementioned challenges (Bangerter et al. 2014). In brief, the growth of 5G networks is aided by a rise in 3D (i.e., “D”ata, “D”evice, and “D”ata transfer rate). The fifth-generation cellular networks precisely address and highlight three main perspectives: (i) user-centric (i.e., deliver device connectivity 24 × 7, continuous communication assistance, and pleasing user experience); (ii) provider-centric service (provide services that include sensors, intelligent transportation systems that are connected); (iii) network-operator-centric; and (iv) network-operator (provide energy-efficient, programmable, low-cost, scalable). As a result, the three key features described below are expected to appear in 5G networks: (i) ubiquitous connectivity: A wide range of devices will be able to communicate and deliver a uniform user experience. In fact, ubiquitous connectivity will allow for a user-centric viewpoint. (ii) Zero latency: 5G networks should achieve zero latency or very low latency on the order of one millisecond. Thus, zero latency will make the service-provider-centric strategy a reality. (iii) Gigabit connection: To achieve zero latency, a fast gigabit connection for rapid data transmission and reception, on the gigabits/second to users and machines order, might be employed (Andrews et al. 2014; Khan et al. 2012; Adhikari 2008; Intelligence 2014).

The cellular wireless generation includes a shift in the service’s core foundation, new frequency bands, backward-compatible, and non-backward transmission technologies. Since the initial move from the analog (1G) to the analog (2G) network in 1981, new generations (G) have appeared every 10 years, with 3G multimedia capability following in 2011. Recently, the wireless industry has experienced spectacular growth. A distinct shift from fixed phones to mobile cellular phones has been noticed from the beginning of the century. There were more than four times as many mobile cellular subscribers as landline telephone lines at the end of 2010.

Manufacturers along with mobile network operators acknowledge the significance of effective networks and efficient design. As a result, network design and optimization services are increasingly becoming popular (Chen and Zhao 2014). 4G networks, or next-generation mobile networks, are envisioned as a collection of heterogeneous systems connected by a horizontal IP-centric architecture (3GPP 2015). These new technologies, together with the aforementioned requirements, provide a number of roadblocks to 5G development.

Table 1.1 compares the major characteristics and limitations of each generation of communication technology (Ericsson 2015; Qualcomm Technologies Inc. 2014; Huawei 2013; NTT Docomo 2015; Nokia Networks 2014).

Table 1.1 Generations of communication technology
Full size table

The scope of this paper includes discussions related to the existing cellular network and its limitations, 5G networks vision, proposed architectures, advantages, issues related to implementation, applications, and a detailed discussion on next-generation network. In Sect. 1.2, authors have discussed the existing cellular network and its challenges. Section 1.3 explains the conventional cellular systems limitation. In the next section, i.e., Sect. 1.4, the authors have provided a clear idea about the vision and mission of 5G network. The architecture of the 5G network has been demonstrated in Sect. 1.5. Next, Sect. 1.6 explains the applications of next-generation network. Finally, in Sect. 1.7, the overall conclusion and future scope are discussed.

Existing Cellular Network and Its Challenges

As per reports related to the statistics of wireless network, review reveals that global mobile traffic had increased roughly by 70% in 2014. 26% of smartphones (out of all mobile devices worldwide) account for 88% of total mobile data traffic (Samsung Electronics Co, 2015). As the number of people using smartphones grow, so does the amount of mobile video traffic. Video traffic has accounted for over half of all mobile traffic since 2012. As per reports, the typical mobile user had downloaded 1 terabyte of data per year in 2020. In today’s 4G LTE cellular systems, supporting this massive and quick rise in data demand and connection is a huge challenge. To increase capacity and data rates, the LTE cellular network is pursuing several research and development options such as MIMO, tiny cells, HetNets, multiple antennas, and coordinated multi-point transmission. However, this current traffic surge is unlikely to persist in the long run. As a result, the key problem in mobile broadband communications is to meet the exponential growth in user and traffic capacity (5G-Infrastructure Public–Private Partnership 2013; Osseiran et al. 2014; European Commission 2011).

First Generation

The first generation of mobile systems depends on analog transmission for voice services. NTT or Nippon Telephone and Telegraph in Tokyo, Japan, launched the world’s foremost cellular system in the year 1979. After 2 years, the cellular period came in Europe. The Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) was established in 1982 in the United States. Nordic Mobile Telephones (NMT) and Total Access Communication Systems (TACS) are the two most widespread analog systems (Kallnichev 2001). For AMPS, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allocated a 40-MHz bandwidth in the 800 to 900 MHz frequency range. As a result, for AMPS, a seven-cell reuse pattern has been established. The Frequency Modulation (FM) technology is used by AMPS and TACS for radio transmission. Frequency division multiple access technology is used to multiplex traffic (Lai et al. 2015; Agyapong et al. 2014; Lara et al. 2014).

Second Generation

Second generation (2G) of mobile system was launched around the end of the 1980s. In contrast to the first-generation (1G) systems, the 2G systems use digital multiple access technologies which includes TDMA (time division multiple access) and CDMA (code division multiple access). Thus, 2G systems outperformed first-generation systems in terms of data services, spectrum effectiveness, and roaming capabilities (Cho et al. 2014). In the United States, there were three distinct streams of development for second-generation digital cellular networks. The first digital system, the IS-54 (North America TDMA Digital Cellular), launched in 1991, and a second version IS-136 with expanded services was produced in 1996. Meanwhile, IS-95 (CDMA One) was adopted in 1993 (Arslan et al. 2015). 2G connection is often used to link GSM (global system for mobile) services. The most general packet radio service (GPRS) and GSM are commonly used to power 2.5G networks (Checko et al. 2015; Cvijetic 2014; Chen and Duan 2011).

Third Generation

W-CDMA, CDMA2000, and TD-SCDMA: 3G employs wide brand wireless network with which clarity is boosted. High-volume data movement was achievable in EDGE, but the packet transfer over the air interface still operates like a circuit switching call. The information transfer rate of 3G telecommunication networks is at least 2 Mbps (Liu et al. 2014). As a result, in the circuit switch scenario, some of the packet connection efficiency is lost. Furthermore, different portions of the world have varied criteria for establishing networks. As a result, 3G was born. 3G is not a single standard; it is a collection of standards that can all communicate with one another. The development has been continued by the Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), which has defined a mobile system that meets the IMT-2000 standard. It was known in Europe as UMTS (Universal Terrestrial Mobile System), which is governed by the ETSI. The ITU-T nomenclature for the third-generation system is IMT-2000, but the American 3G variation is cdma2000. The air-interface technology for UMTS is W-CDMA. 3G networks allow network operators to provide a broader choice of more advanced services to users while increasing network capacity through increased spectral efficiency. On October 1, 2001, NTT DoCoMo in Japan branded FOMA launched the first commercial for 3G network that was based on W-CDMA technology (Banikazemi et al. 2013; Rost et al. 2014; Zhou and Yu 2014).

Fourth Generation

On June 23, 2005, the first successful 4G field testing was performed in Tokyo, Japan on June 23, 2005. In the downlink, NTT DoCoMo was able to achieve 1 Gbps real-time packet transmission at a pace of roughly 20 km/h (Zhang et al. 2015). Base stations emit signaling messages for service subscription to mobile stations on a regular basis in modern GSM systems. Because of the variations in wireless technology and access protocols, this procedure becomes more challenging in 4G heterogeneous systems. Terminal mobility is required in 4G infrastructure to deliver wireless services at any time and from any location (5G Training and Certification 2014; 5G Forum 2015; Wunder et al. 2014). Mobile clients can travel across wireless network, geographic borders due to terminal mobility. The two most important challenges in terminal mobility are handoff management and location management. The system tracks and locates a mobile terminal for prospective integration with location management. Location management entails managing all information regarding roaming terminals, including their initial and current locations, authentication information, and so on. When the terminal roams, handoff management, on the other hand, keeps the lines of communication open (Wunder et al. 2014). For IPv6 wireless systems, Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) is a standardized IP-based mobility protocol (Pirinen 2014; Boccardi et al. 2014). Each terminal has an IPv6 home address in this arrangement. After the local network is left by the terminal, the home address turns into invalid, and thus a new IPv6 address (known as a care-of address) is assigned to the terminal on the visiting network (Rappaport et al. 2013a, b; Olsson et al. 2013).

The Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) created the fundamentals for future Long-Term Evolution (LTE) advanced standards. The 3GPP candidate is for 4G designing and optimizing forthcoming radio access methods and further evolution of the present system. In downlink and uplink transmission, peak spectrum efficiency targets for LTE advanced systems were, respectively, established at 30 bps/Hz and 15 bps/Hz (Taori and Sridharan 2014).

Fifth Generation

WiMAX, WWWW, RAT: 5G can provide limitless wireless connectivity, bringing an ideal real-world wireless web—the World-Wide Wireless Web (WWWW). Beyond the 4G/IMT-advanced standards, 5G refers to the next significant phase of mobile telecommunication standards. At this time, 5G is not an official word for any explicit specification or document yet made public by telecommunication corporations or standardization groups like 3GPP, WiMax Forum, or ITU-R. Each new update will improve system performance while also introducing new features and application areas. Home automation, smart transportation, security, and e-books are some of the other applications that benefit from mobile connection (Pi and Khan 2011a, b; Korakis et al. 2003; Bae et al. 2014). The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) has approved a set of wireless broadband standards known as IEEE 802.16 (IEEE).

The WiMAX Forum industry organization has marketed it under the name “WiMAX” (from “Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access”). The air interface and related services connected with wireless local loop are standardized by IEEE 802.16. The utilization of cell phones inside extremely high bandwidth has altered due to 5G mobile technology. Bluetooth technology and Pico nets have just been accessible on the market for children's rocking pleasure. Users may also connect their 5G technology cell phones to their laptops to have access to high-speed Internet. Camera, MP3 recording, video player, huge phone capacity, dialing speed, audio player, and much more are all part of 5G technology. Network design in the fifth generation consists of a user terminal (which plays an important part in the new architecture) and a variety of independent, autonomous radio access technologies (RAT) (Rajagopal et al. 2011; Feng and Zhang 1998; Roh et al. 2014). The 5G mobile system is an all-IP interoperability concept for wireless and mobile networks.

Conventional Cellular Systems—Limitations

4G networks are insufficient to serve a large number of low latencies linked devices and high spectral effectiveness that will be critical in the future. In this part, authors have discussed over a few key areas where traditional cellular networks fall short, prompting the development of 5G networks. Heavy data transmission isn’t supported. Various mobile applications send messages to their servers and occasionally request a high data transmission speed for a brief period of time (Cardieri and Rappaport 2001). With increased heavy data in the network, such sorts of data transfer may drain the battery life of (mobile) User Equipment’s (UEs), potentially crashing the core network. However, in today’s networks, only one sort of signaling/control mechanism is built for all forms of traffic, resulting in substantial overhead for heavy traffic (Abd El-atty and Gharsseldien 2013). The processing power of a Base Station (BS) can only be used by its associated UEs in contemporary cellular networks, and they are intended to accommodate peak time traffic. When a BS is lightly loaded, however, its processing power may be dispersed across a vast geographical region. On weekends or holidays, BSs in residential areas are overloaded while BSs in business areas are almost empty. However, because practically idle BSs require the same amount of power as over-subscribed BSs, the network’s overall cost rises (Huq et al. 2013).

A typical cellular network employs two distinct channels: one for transmission from a UE to a BS, known as uplink (UL), and the other for transmission from a UE to a BS, known as downlink (DL). A UE being assigned to two separate channels is not an efficient use of the frequency spectrum. However, if both channels run at the same frequency, as in a full duplex wireless radio, co-channel interference (interference between signals utilizing the same frequency) in the UL and DL channels becomes a big concern in 4G networks (Wang et al. 2013; Hossain et al. 2014; Sanguinetti et al. 2015).

It also hinders network densification or the deployment of a large number of BSs in a given region. Heterogeneous wireless networks are not supported. Heterogeneous wireless networks (HetNets) are wireless networks that use a variety of access technologies, such as third generation (3G), fourth generation (4G), wireless local area networks (WLAN), Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi (Goyal et al. 2021). In 4G, HetNets are already standardized, but the underlying architecture was not designed to accommodate them. Furthermore, existing cellular networks only enable a UE to have a DL channel, a UL channel must be coupled with a single BS, preventing HetNets from being fully utilized. For performance improvement in HetNets, a UE might choose a UL channel and a DL channel from two separate BSs that belong to two different wireless networks.

Vision and Mission—5G

The convergence of growing mm-wave spectrum availability and new application-specific needs will usher in the next major advancement in wireless communications, i.e., 5G. Substantial increase in wireless data speeds, bandwidth, coverage, and connection is expected with 5G wireless communications as well as massive reductions in round trip latency and energy usage. The following is a high-level summary of the 5G standardization process. The first standard is projected to be completed by 2020, according to the report. The Group Special Mobile Association (GSMA) is working with its partners to shape 5G communication to its full potential (Nam et al. 2014; Talwar et al. 2014; Arora et al. 2020; Galinina et al. 2014).

The eight major needs of future generation 5G networks have been determined by combining the many research activities by industry and academia:

  1. (i)

    Real-world data rates of 110 Gbps: This is about ten times faster than the theoretical peak transmission rate of 150 Mbps for standard LTE networks.

  2. (ii)

    1 ms round trip latency: This is about a tenfold improvement over 4G’s 10 ms round trip delay.

  3. (iii)

    High bandwidth per unit area: A large number of linked devices with greater bandwidths for longer periods of time are required in a particular space.

  4. (iv)

    Massive number of connected devices: To achieve the IoT goal, new 5G networks must be able to link thousands of devices.

  5. (v)

    99.999% perceived availability: 5G envisions a network that is both practical and efficient.

  6. (vi)

    Near-total coverage for “anytime, anyplace” connectivity: 5G wireless networks must provide comprehensive coverage regardless of the location of users.

  7. (vii)

    Near-90% reduction in energy consumption: Green technology development is already being examined by standard authorities. With 5G wireless’s high data speeds and huge connection, this will be even more critical.

  8. (viii)

    Long battery life: In future 5G networks, device power consumption reduction is critical. Wireless industry, universities, and research groups have begun working on various parts of 5G wireless networks in response to the eight needs listed above (Lee et al. 2014).

According to Ericsson, 5G development will begin with existing 4G LTE networks and backward compatibility. This will aid in the continuation of traditional device services utilizing the same carrier frequency. Ericsson has also worked with SK Telecom, the market leader in South Korea, to demonstrate 5G networks at the 2018 Winter Olympics. Qualcomm is working on 4G and 5G at the same time in order to maximize their potential. The single platform should help save costs and save energy while enabling a wide range of new services. Huawei is working with international trade groups, a number of universities, government agencies, and ecosystem partners to develop critical 5G advancements.

The Docomo network has detected two key trends: (i) global cellular connectivity and (ii) extended real-time rich content delivery. It believes that the key to 5G implementation is the integration of both the higher and lower frequency bands. Basic coverage will be provided by the lower frequencies, while high data rates will be provided by the higher frequencies. Nokia’s 5G wireless realization focuses on optimizing spectrum utilization, breakthrough advancements in 5G, dense tiny cells, and better performance. Samsung’s vision for 5G is billions of autonomously linked heterogeneous gadgets, ushering in the Internet of Things. The European Union has launched and sponsored two major 5G research projects (Xu et al. 2014).

Architecture—5G

Cellular networks are on the edge of breaching the BS-centric network paradigm. This is due to the excessive demand of capacity limits and sub-millisecond latency in conventional wireless spectrum. Due to rise in demand in the wireless sector, the initial macro-hexagonal coverage was replaced by considerably smaller cell installations. Researchers are focusing their efforts these days on how to construct user-centric networking (Shen and Yu 2014). The user is expected to participate in network storage, content distribution, and processing, rather than being the wireless network’s final resolution. Future networks are expected to connect a wide range of nodes that are near to one another. Thus, there would be a lot of co-channel interference in dense 5G networks. The use of directional (energy focused) and sectorized antennas rather of the more traditional omni-directional antennas. As a result, the use of Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) and effective antenna design is critical. The basis for 5G systems is planned to be strengthened by decoupling the user and control planes, as well as seamless interoperability between diverse networks (Bhushan and Sahoo 2017). The needs for 5G network architecture, modifications in the air interface, and smart antenna design are all discussed in this section. SDN, Cloud-RAN, and HetNets are among the newer technologies addressed (Hu and Qian 2014).

There are two parts in a mobile communication network that includes (i) core network and (ii) radio access network (RAN). Services are provided to the users in core network whereas an RAN links individual devices to their core networks via radio connections. In comparison to LTE's EPS (evolved packet system) design, the key advancement of 5G architecture is the widespread use of virtualization technologies and cloud to offer a wide range of diverse and adaptable services. Existing mobile network designs were primarily built to fulfil the needs of voice and Internet services, which has proven to be inadequately adaptable in 5G, which includes a diverse set of nodes, interfaces, and services. This becomes one of the driving forces for 5G's software architecture (Wu et al. 2015). Because SDN (software-defined networking) and NFV (network function virtualization) technologies can support and administer the underlying physical infrastructure, network services may be virtualized and moved to the cloud, where central control, processing, and management can be performed. Compared to previous cellular networks, which use a wide range of proprietary nodes and specific hardware appliances, the software architecture can lower equipment and deployment costs while increasing administration and evolution flexibility and availability (Pozar 2005). Furthermore, network slicing allows for the creation of separate virtual networks dedicated to certain services as needed, such as a vehicle network service, over a single physical architecture, therefore meeting the diverse needs of varied services.

These network tasks are virtualized and software based in 5G, thus making the services that can be easily incorporated into cloud infrastructure. The access network and the core network are described in more depth below.

C-Ran

Usage of centralized radio access network (C-RAN) in 5G can be done for the radio access network, by leveraging cloud and virtualization technologies to centralize and virtualize some base station functions in the cloud, lowering the cost of deployment and management of the greatly increased and densified base stations. A cloud center and dispersed locations make up the RAN (Violette et al. 1988). Some RAN non-real-time functions in the upper layers with low latency requirements, including cell selection/reselection, intercell handover, and user-plane encryption, might be moved to the cloud, where the information can be interchanged and resources can be shared.

This RAN cloudification will have an impact on other components of the network. Many RAN services that were previously implemented in hardware with specific hardware support, such as IP cores, will be able to implement in a software environment in 5G, according to C-RAN. In this instance, it's critical to ensure their effectiveness. One example is the development of secrecy and integrity algorithms, which is one of the reasons why new software-efficient algorithms for 5G use should be considered.

SBA-Based Core Network

The main network architecture in 5G is Service-Based Architecture (SBA), with system functionality described as a collection of network functions, such as the Session Management Function (SMF) and the Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF). These NFs use standard Service-Based Interfaces (SBI) to deliver services to other approved NFs. The core network introduces a specific network function called the NF Repository Function (NRF) to deal with service registration and discovery, as well as maintain the NF pro-file and accessible NF instances, so that NFs may discover and access each other. The use of network slicing technology to construct optimal networks for individual services with varied performance needs is possible with such a service-based architecture. Subscriber keying materials, such as long-term keys and home network private keys, are stored in Unified Data Management (UDM). It also houses data management capabilities such as the Authentication Credential Repository and Processing Function (ARPF), as well as the Subscription Identifier De-Concealing Function (SIDF). During an authentication, ARPF is in charge of determining the authentication technique based on the subscriber identification and specified policy, as well as computing the 5G Home Environment Authentication Vector (HEAV). The SIDF offers decryption services for a user’s Subscription Hidden Identifier (SUCI) in order to get the user’s long-term identity Subscription Permanent Identifier (SUPI) (Kyro et al. 2012).

Next-Generation Network—Applications

The next-generation applications will be emerging in a multiplatform environment. 4G applications are offered on a variety of wireless technologies, including printers, LTE, e-readers, Wi-Fi, cell phones, digital cameras, laptops, and other devices. Although 4G apps are anticipated to be expanded and better versions of present 3G services, the capacity of 4G is yet unknown in the mobile industry.

Example of Next-Generation Network Applications

In this section, authors have provided some of the examples of next-generation network application:

  1. (i)

    Virtual Presence: This refers to 4G and 5G’s ability to deliver services 24 × 7 to the users, even while they are off-site.

  2. (ii)

    Virtual navigation: 4G offers virtual navigation, which allows users to access a database of various places including buildings, streets, and various other landmarks in big cities (Jaitly et al. 2017).

  3. (iii)

    Telemedicine: 4G and 5G will allow for patient monitoring remotely. A user may obtain video conference without going to hospital for help from a doctor at any point of time and place.

  4. (iv)

    Tele-geoprocessing applications: This is a hybrid of GPS (global positioning system) and GIS (geographical information system) that allows a user to query the position.

  5. (v)

    Crisis Management: Natural catastrophes can disrupt communication networks, which can lead to a crisis.

  6. (vi)

    Education: 4G provides numerous prospect for people who want to continue learning throughout their lives (Ranvier et al. 2009). People from various parts of the world can save money by continuing with their education online.

  7. (vii)

    Artificial Intelligence: As human life becomes increasingly surrounded by artificial sensors capable of communicating with mobile phones, more applications combining artificial intelligence (AI) will emerge.

  8. (viii)

    Traveling: Familiarization to new mobile phone applications, and usage of smartphones with NFC technology and Bluetooth in the passenger travel process. Over the next decade, technology is expected to play a leading role such as experience a location virtually before traveling or to seek inspiration and exchange information live (Xu et al. 2000; Dillard et al. 2004).

  9. (ix)

    Security: This layer crosses all layers of the 4G and 5G network architecture, performing functions such as authentication, encryption, authorization, and implementation of service policy agreements between vendors.

  10. (x)

    Economic growth: It is aided by technological advancements that permit consumers and organizations to take use of content services and high-value wireless data. 5G networks are projected to support a wide range of applications and services because of its low latency and fast data transfer speeds.

  11. (xi)

    Smart grids: It decentralizes energy distribution and also improves the analysis of energy consumption (Rappaport et al. 2012). Smart grids would be able to enhance their efficiency and economic advantages as a result of this. The 5G networks would enable for regular statistical data observation, analyzing them, and retrieval from far sensors, as well as change the energy distribution as needed (Vook et al. 2014).

  12. (xii)

    Automation: In the near future there will be availability of self-driving vehicles that will be required to connect and communicate in real time. Furthermore, they would communicate with other devices on the roadways, residences, and businesses with a need of virtually zero latency. As a result, a linked vehicular environment would allow for a secure and effective incorporation with other data systems.

  13. (xiii)

    Healthcare systems: Medical services can benefit from dependable, secure, and quick mobile communication, such as regular data transfers from patients’ bodies to the cloud or healthcare facilities (Rajagopal 2012; Anderson and Rappaport 2004; Collonge et al. 2004). As a result, medical treatments that are relevant and urgent may be forecasted and supplied to patients extremely quickly.

  14. (xiv)

    Industrial applications: 5G networks’ zero-latency capability would allow robots, mobile devices, sensors, drones, and data collector devices to get a real-time data without delay, allowing industrial functions to be managed and operated swiftly while conserving energy (Wang et al. 2014; Sinha et al. 2017; Jungnickel et al. 2014; Rappaport 1996; Ahmad et al. 2020).

Conclusion and Future Scope

The advancement of next-generation applications has emerged in a multiplatform environment. Many wireless technologies support 4G application which include LTE and Wi-Fi. Traditionally, networks and communication services have been built and supplied as secure resources with limited potential for customization, improvement, and specialization. Thus, this approach is not adaptable enough to fulfil a varied range of new application needs or to get benefit from a slew of new research-based advances. As a consequence, in some of the selected areas, a new communication design model is prototyped, developed, and put into production. Other than providing a permanent infrastructure, this approach views communication resources as a flexible, programmable environment that can be continually updated to meet new requirements.

In the mobile sector, Mobile Wireless Communication Technology will be leading the new phase. Nowadays, offices are at the fingertips or on phones due to the emergence of Personal Data Assistants (PDAs) and mobile phones. There is a huge scope in the future for 5G technology as it is able to handle most of the modern technologies and supply clients with excellent handsets. 5G will be providing assistance to the idea of Super Core, where all network operators are linked through a single core and are a part of a common infrastructure, independent of their access methods. 4G and 5G techniques provide lower battery consumption, low probability (more coverage), and cheaper or no infrastructural implementation costs along with effective user services. In 5G systems, every mobile phone consists of a permanent “Home IP address” and “care-of address” that refers to its current location. A packet is sent to home address's server when a computer on the Internet wants to communicate with a mobile phone. It then sends a packet to the real location via the tunnel. Cloud computing is a system that uses the Internet and a central distant server to keep data and apps up to date. This central distant service is the content provider in 5G network. Thus, it is due to cloud computing that consumers and companies are able to use programs and therefore access their personal files from any computer with an Internet connection without installing.