Abstract
Semi-solid extrusion (SSE) is an extrusion-based 3D printing technique, widely employed in food printing and bioprinting. In pharmaceutics, SSE is becoming the most explored technique to obtain solid dosage forms with specific characteristics, such as chewable, fast-dissolving or gastro-floating tablets, polypills, oral and topical films, and rectal suppositories, among others. The advantages of SSE include a low work temperature, with less risk of drug instability, and the availability of a broad range of excipients (e.g., natural or synthetic polymers, lipids and food additives) as feedstock materials to obtain gels or pastes in the 3D printing process. However, the properties of the dosage forms can be impacted by formulation-related factors, like the semi-solid rheological behaviour, the size of the dispersed materials, and the geometrical shape of the dosage form, as well as the parameters of the printing process, such as printing speed, infill pattern and number of layers. Due to this versatility, SSE has become a powerful tool to produce innovative dosage forms with clinical relevance for specific groups, including paediatric, geriatric and veterinary populations, as personalised medicines.
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the following Brazilian agencies for funding our research group: CNPq/Brazil; FAPERGS/Brazil and CAPES/Brazil. Furthermore, we kindly thank Elsevier for the permission to reproduce the following materials: Fig. 5.4a. This figure was published in International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Vol 494, Khaled SA, Burley JC, Alexander MR, Yang J, Roberts CJ, 3D printing of tablets containing multiple drugs with defined release profiles, 643–650, Copyright Elsevier (2015); Fig. 5.4b. This figure was published in International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Vol 605, Chen P, Liu J, Zhang K, Huang D, Huang S, Xie Q, Yang F, Huang J, Fang D, Huang Z, Lu Z, Chen YZ, Preparation of clarithromycin floating core-shell systems (CSS) using multi-nozzle semi-solid extrusion-based 3D printing, 120837, Copyright Elsevier (2021); Fig. 5.4c. This figure was published in European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol 147, Karavasili C, Gkaragkounis A, Moschakis T, Ritzoulis C, Fatouros DG, Pediatric-friendly chocolate-based dosage forms for the oral administration of both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs fabricated with extrusion-based 3D printing, 105291, Copyright Elsevier (2020); Fig. 5.4d. This figure was published in International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Vol 587, Herrada-Manchón H, Rodríguez-Gonzáleza D, Fernández MA, Suñé-Pouc M, Pérez-Lozanoc P, García-Montoya E, Aguilar E., 3D printed gummies: Personalised drug dosage in a safe and appealing way, 119687, Copyright Elsevier (2020); Fig. 5.4e. This figure was published in International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Vol 620, Schmidt LM, de Oliveira TV, dos Santos J, Funk NL, Petzhold CL, Benvenutti EV, Deon M, Beck RCR, Drug-loaded mesoporous silica on carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogel: Development of innovative 3D printed hydrophilic films, 121750, Copyright Elsevier (2022); Fig. 5.4f. This figure was published in Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol 16, Seoane-Viaño I, Ong JJ, Luzardo-Álvarez A, González-Barcia M, Basit AW, Otero-Espinar FJ, Goyanes A., 3D printed tacrolimus suppositories for the treatment of ulcerative colitis, 110-119, Copyright Elsevier (2021); Fig. 5.4g. This article was published in European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol 174, Sjöholm E, Mathiyalagan R, Lindfors L, Wang X, Ojala S, Sandler N., Semi-solid extrusion 3D printing of tailored ChewTs for veterinary use-A focus on spectrophotometric quantification of gabapentin, 106190, Copyright Elsevier (2022); Fig. 5.4h. This article was published in International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Vol 624, de Oliveira T V., de Oliveira RS, Funk NL, Petzhold CL, Beck RCR, Redispersible 3D printed nanomedicines: An original application of the semi-solid extrusion technique, 122029, Copyright Elsevier (2022).
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Funk, N.L., Leão, J., de Oliveira, T.V., Beck, R.C.R. (2023). Semi-Solid Extrusion (SSE) in Pharmaceuticals. In: Banerjee, S. (eds) Additive Manufacturing in Pharmaceuticals. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2404-2_5
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