Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Photoprotective Compounds: Diversity, Biosynthetic Pathway and Genetic Regulation

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Photoprotective Green Pharmacology: Challenges, Sources and Future Applications

  • 121 Accesses

Abstract

The rapid increment in atmospheric pollution causes loss of stratospheric ozone which enhances the exposure of harmful ultraviolet radiation (UV) on the earth’s surface. The detrimental impact of UV-A and UV-B causes photodamage, alteration in normal physiological processes of aquatic and terrestrial organisms. However, certain inbuilt existence of photoprotective compounds makes organisms to counteract with harmful UV radiations. Most of the groups of organisms such as cyanobacteria, algae, lichens, fungi, bryophytes, higher plants, and certain animals have unique photoprotective strategies for survivability under harsh radiation. Various types of secondary metabolites such as mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), mycosporine, scytonemin, lycopodine, carotenoids, and melanin are inherently synthesized in most of the organisms for protection from deleterious ultraviolet radiation. In the last few decades, most of the genetic and metabolomics pathways for synthesis of photoprotective compounds have been well established. However, industrial-scale production is still undeveloped due to limited knowledge of gene expression and cost-effective rapid production in various group of organisms. This chapter briefly describes the presence of different photoprotective compounds in various taxa of organisms. This chapter also deals with the biosynthetic pathways and genetic regulation of certain compounds for production and commercial applications in various group of life sciences and cosmetic industries.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Agati G, Brunetti C, Di Ferdinando M, Ferrini F, Pollastri S, Tattini M (2013) Functional roles of flavonoids in photoprotection: new evidence, lessons from the past. Plant Physiol Biochem 72:35–45

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Balskus EP, Walsh CT (2010) The genetic and molecular basis for sunscreen biosynthesis in cyanobacteria. Science 329(5999):1653–1656

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bandaranayake W (1998) Mycosporines: are they nature’s sunscreens? Nat Prod Rep 15(2):159–172

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bhatia S, Garg A, Sharma K, Kumar S, Sharma A, Purohit AP (2011) Mycosporine and mycosporine-like amino acids: a paramount tool against ultra violet irradiation. Pharmacogn Rev 5(10):138

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bjerke JW, Dahl T (2002) Distribution patterns of usnic acid-producing lichens along local radiation gradients in West Greenland. Nova Hedwigia 75:487–506

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bjerke JW, Lerfall K, Elvebakk A (2002) Effects of ultraviolet radiation and PAR on the content of usnic and divaricatic acids in two arctic-alpine lichens. Photochem Photobiol Sci 1(9):678–685

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Björn LO (2007) Stratospheric ozone, ultraviolet radiation, and cryptogams. Biol Conserv 135(3):326–333

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brenner M, Hearing VJ (2008) The protective role of melanin against UV damage in human skin. Photochem Photobiol 84(3):539–549

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bustamante J, Bredeston L, Malanga G, Mordoh J (1993) Role of melanin as a scavenger of active oxygen species. Pigment Cell Res 6(5):348–353

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deng Y, Lu S (2017) Biosynthesis and regulation of phenylpropanoids in plants. Crit Rev Plant Sci 36(4):257–290

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edreva A (2005) The importance of non-photosynthetic pigments and cinnamic acid derivatives in photoprotection. Agric Ecosyst Environ 106(2–3):135–146

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Escobar-Bravo R, Klinkhamer PG, Leiss KA (2017) Interactive effects of UV-B light with abiotic factors on plant growth and chemistry, and their consequences for defense against arthropod herbivores. Front Plant Sci 8:278

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fernández E, Quilhot W, Rubio C, Hidalgo ME, Diaz R, Ojeda J (2006) Effects of UV radiation on usnic acid in Xanthoparmelia microspora (Müll. Arg. Hale). Photochem Photobiol 82(4):1065–1068

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frohnmeyer H, Staiger D (2003) Ultraviolet-B radiation-mediated responses in plants. Balancing damage and protection. Plant Physiol 133(4):1420–1428

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gao K, Yu H, Brown MT (2007) Solar PAR and UV radiation affects the physiology and morphology of the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 89(2–3):117–124

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Pichel F, Castenholz RW (1991) Characterization and biological implications of scytonemin, a cyanobacterial sheath pigment 1. J Phycol 27(3):395–409

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Pichel F, Wingard CE, Castenholz RW (1993) Evidence regarding the UV sunscreen role of a mycosporine-like compound in the cyanobacterium Gloeocapsa sp. Appl Environ Microbiol 59(1):170–176

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gauslaa Y, McEvoy M (2005) Seasonal changes in solar radiation drive acclimation of the sun-screening compound parietin in the lichen Xanthoria parietina. Basic Appl Ecol 6(1):75–82

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gauslaa Y, Solhaug KA (2004) Photoinhibition in lichens depends on cortical characteristics and hydration. Lichenologist 36(2):133–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gauslaa Y, Ustvedt EM (2003) Is parietin a UV-B or a blue-light screening pigment in the lichen Xanthoria parietina? Photochem Photobiol Sci 2(4):424–432

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geraldes V, Pinto E (2021) Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs): biology, chemistry and identification features. Pharmaceuticals 14(1):63

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gilchrest BA, Eller MS, Geller AC, Yaar M (1999) The pathogenesis of melanoma induced by ultraviolet radiation. N Engl J Med 340(17):1341–1348

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Häder DP, Kumar HD, Smith RC, Worrest RC (2007) Effects of solar UV radiation on aquatic ecosystems and interactions with climate change. Photochem Photobiol Sci 6(3):267–285

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halder RM, Bang KM (1988) Skin cancer in blacks in the United States. Dermatol Clin 6(3):397–405

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hargreaves A, Taiwo FA, Duggan O, Kirk SH, Ahmad SI (2007) Near-ultraviolet photolysis of β-phenylpyruvic acid generates free radicals and results in DNA damage. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 89(2–3):110–116

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heijde M, Ulm R (2012) UV-B photoreceptor-mediated signalling in plants. Trends Plant Sci 17(4):230–237

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hemm MR, Herrmann KM, Chapple C (2001) AtMYB4: a transcription factor general in the battle against UV. Trends Plant Sci 6(4):135–136

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hollósy F (2002) Effects of ultraviolet radiation on plant cells. Micron 33(2):179–197

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huneck S, Yoshimura I (1996) Identification of lichen substances. In: Identification of lichen substances. Springer, Berlin, pp 11–123

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Jain S, Prajapat G, Abrar M, Ledwani L, Singh A, Agrawal A (2017) Cyanobacteria as efficient producers of mycosporine-like amino acids. J Basic Microbiol 57(9):715–727

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Janssen J, Soule T (2016) Gene expression of a two-component regulatory system associated with sunscreen biosynthesis in the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme ATCC 29133. FEMS Microbiol Lett 363(2):fnv235

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaidbey KH, Agin PP, Sayre RM, Kligman AM (1979) Photoprotection by melanin—a comparison of black and Caucasian skin. J Am Acad Dermatol 1(3):249–260

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katoch M, Mazmouz R, Chau R, Pearson LA, Pickford R, Neilan BA (2016) Heterologous production of cyanobacterial mycosporine-like amino acids mycosporine-ornithine and mycosporine-lysine in Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 82(20):6167–6173

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kannaujiya VK, Richa and Sinha RP (2014) Peroxide scavenging potential of ultraviolet-B-absorbing mycosporine-like amino acids isolated from a marine red alga Bryocladia sp. Front Environ Sci 2: 26

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiselev KV, Grigorchuk VP, Ogneva ZV, Suprun AR, Dubrovina AS (2016) Stilbene biosynthesis in the needles of spruce Picea jezoensis. Phytochemistry 131:57–67

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klicki K, Ferreira D, Hamill D, Dirks B, Mitchell N, Garcia-Pichel F (2018) The widely conserved ebo cluster is involved in precursor transport to the periplasm during scytonemin synthesis in Nostoc punctiforme. MBio 9(6):e02266–e02218

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi N, Nakagawa A, Muramatsu T, Yamashina Y, Shirai T, Hashimoto MW, Ishigaki Y, Ohnishi T, Mori T (1998) Supranuclear melanin caps reduce ultraviolet induced DNA photoproducts in human epidermis. J Investig Dermatol 110(5):806–810

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • La Barre S, Roullier C, Boustie J (2014) Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) in biological photosystems. In: Outstanding marine molecules, pp 333–360

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lalegerie F, Lajili S, Bedoux G, Taupin L, Stiger-Pouvreau V, Connan S (2019) Photo-protective compounds in red macroalgae from Brittany: considerable diversity in mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs). Mar Environ Res 147:37–48

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Le Lann K, Surget G, Couteau C, Coiffard L, Cérantola S, Gaillard F, Larnicol M, Zubia M, Guérard F, Poupart N, Stiger-Pouvreau V (2016) Sunscreen, antioxidant, and bactericide capacities of phlorotannins from the brown macroalga Halidrys siliquosa. J Appl Phycol 28(6):3547–3559

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lesser MP (2006) Oxidative stress in marine environments: biochemistry and physiological ecology. Annu Rev Physiol 68:253–278

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lesser MP (2008) Effects of ultraviolet radiation on productivity and nitrogen fixation in the cyanobacterium, Anabaena sp. (Newton’s strain). Hydrobiologia 598(1):1–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu J, Osbourn A, Ma P (2015) MYB transcription factors as regulators of phenylpropanoid metabolism in plants. Mol Plant 8(5):689–708

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luzina OA, Salakhutdinov NF (2018) Usnic acid and its derivatives for pharmaceutical use: A patent review (2000–2017). Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 28(6):477–491

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malla S, Sommer MO (2014) A sustainable route to produce the scytonemin precursor using Escherichia coli. Green Chem 16(6):3255–3265

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsui K, Nazifi E, Hirai Y, Wada N, Matsugo S, Sakamoto T (2012) The cyanobacterial UV-absorbing pigment scytonemin displays radical-scavenging activity. J Gen Appl Microbiol 58(2):137–144

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McEvoy M, Nybakken L, Solhaug KA, Gauslaa Y (2006) UV triggers the synthesis of the widely distributed secondary lichen compound usnic acid. Mycol Prog 5(4):221–229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer P, Van de Poel B, De Coninck B (2021) UV-B light and its application potential to reduce disease and pest incidence in crops. Hortic Res 8(1):194

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Naurin S, Bennett J, Videau P, Philmus B, Soule T (2016) The response regulator Npun_F1278 is essential for scytonemin biosynthesis in the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme ATCC 29133. J Phycol 52(4):564–571

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Noel JP, Austin MB, Bomati EK (2005) Structure–function relationships in plant phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Curr Opin Plant Biol 8(3):249–253

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Oren A, Gunde-Cimerman N (2007) Mycosporines and mycosporine-like amino acids: UV protectants or multipurpose secondary metabolites? FEMS Microbiol Lett 269(1):1–10

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pallela R, Na-Young Y, Kim SK (2010) Anti-photoaging and photoprotective compounds derived from marine organisms. Mar Drugs 8(4):1189–1202

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Passeron T, Lim HW, Goh CL, Kang HY, Ly F, Morita A et al (2021) Photoprotection according to skin phototype and dermatoses: practical recommendations from an expert panel. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 35(7):1460–1469

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pathak J, Ahmed H, Singh SP, Häder DP, Sinha RP (2019) Genetic regulation of scytonemin and mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) biosynthesis in cyanobacteria. Plant Gene 17:100172

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pathak J, Pandey A, Maurya PK, Rajneesh R, Sinha RP, Singh SP (2020) Cyanobacterial secondary metabolite scytonemin: a potential photoprotective and pharmaceutical compound. Proc Natl Acad Sci India Sect B Biol Sci 90(3):467–481

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paul ND, Gwynn-Jones D (2003) Ecological roles of solar UV radiation: towards an integrated approach. Trends Ecol Evol 18(1):48–55

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pope MA, Spence E, Seralvo V, Gacesa R, Heidelberger S, Weston AJ, Dunlap WC, Shick JM, Long PF (2015) O-Methyltransferase is shared between the pentose phosphate and shikimate pathways and is essential for mycosporine-like amino acid biosynthesis in Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413. Chembiochem 16(2):320–327

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Portwich A, Garcia-Pichel F (2003) Biosynthetic pathway of mycosporines (mycosporine-like amino acids) in the cyanobacterium Chlorogloeopsis sp. strain PCC 6912. Phycologia 42(4):384–392

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Proteau PJ, Gerwick WH, Garcia-Pichel F, Castenholz R (1993) The structure of scytonemin, an ultraviolet sunscreen pigment from the sheaths of cyanobacteria. Experientia 49(9):825–829

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rancan F, Rosan S, Boehm K, Fernández E, Hidalgo ME, Quihot W, Rubio C, Boehm F, Piazena H, Oltmanns U (2002) Protection against UVB irradiation by natural filters extracted from lichens. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 68(2–3):133–139

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rastogi RP, Sinha RP (2009) Biotechnological and industrial significance of cyanobacterial secondary metabolites. Biotechnol Adv 27(4):521–539

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rastogi RP, Sinha RP, Singh SP, Häder DP (2010) Photoprotective compounds from marine organisms. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 37(6):537–558

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rastogi RP, Sinha RP, Incharoensakdi A (2013) Partial characterization, UV-induction and photoprotective function of sunscreen pigment, scytonemin from Rivularia sp. HKAR-4. Chemosphere 93(9):1874–1878

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rastogi RP, Sonani RR, Madamwar D (2015) Cyanobacterial sunscreen scytonemin: role in photoprotection and biomedical research. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 176(6):1551–1563

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richa, Sinha RP (2013) Biomedical applications of mycosporine-like amino acids. In: Kim S-K (ed) Marine microbiology in bioactive compounds and biotechnological applications, pp 509–534

    Google Scholar 

  • Rizzini L, Favory JJ, Cloix C, Faggionato D, O’Hara A, Kaiserli E, Baumeister R, Schäfer E, Nagy F, Jenkins GI, Ulm R (2011) Perception of UV-B by the Arabidopsis UVR8 protein. Science 332(6025):103–106

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rozema J, Björn LO, Bornman JF, Gaberščik A, Häder DP, Trošt T, Germ M, Klisch M, Gröniger A, Sinha RP, Lebert M (2002) The role of UV-B radiation in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems—an experimental and functional analysis of the evolution of UV-absorbing compounds. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 66(1):2–12

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samanta A, Das G, Das SK (2011) Roles of flavonoids in plants. Carbon 100(6):12–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Sen S, Mallick N (2022) Scytonemin: unravelling major progress and prospects. Algal Res 64:102678

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shick JM, Dunlap WC (2002) Mycosporine-like amino acids and related gadusols: biosynthesis, accumulation, and UV-protective functions in aquatic organisms. Annu Rev Physiol 64(1):223–262

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simmonds MS (2003) Flavonoid–insect interactions: recent advances in our knowledge. Phytochemistry 64(1):21–30

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh SP, Sinha RP, Klisch M, Häder DP (2008a) Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) profile of a rice-field cyanobacterium Anabaena doliolum as influenced by PAR and UVR. Planta 229(1):225–233

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh SP, Klisch M, Sinha RP, Häder DP (2008b) Effects of abiotic stressors on synthesis of the mycosporine-like amino acid shinorine in the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis PCC 7937. Photochem Photobiol 84(6):1500–1505

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh SP, Häder DP, Sinha RP (2010a) Cyanobacteria and ultraviolet radiation (UVR) stress: mitigation strategies. Ageing Res Rev 9(2):79–90

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh SP, Klisch M, Sinha RP, Häder DP (2010b) Genome mining of mycosporine-like amino acid (MAA) synthesizing and non-synthesizing cyanobacteria: a bioinformatics study. Genomics 95(2):120–128

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh SP, Häder DP, Sinha RP (2012) Bioinformatics evidence for the transfer of mycosporine-like amino acid core (4-deoxygadusol) synthesizing gene from cyanobacteria to dinoflagellates and an attempt to mutate the same gene (YP_324358) in Anabaena variabilis PCC 7937. Gene 500(2):155–163

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sinha RP, Häder DP (2008) UV-protectants in cyanobacteria. Plant Sci 174(3):278–289

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sinha RP, Singh SP, Häder DP (2007) Database on mycosporines and mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) in fungi, cyanobacteria, macroalgae, phytoplankton and animals. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 89(1):29–35

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Solhaug KA, Gauslaa Y (2004) Photosynthates stimulate the UV-B induced fungal anthraquinone synthesis in the foliose lichen Xanthoria parietina. Plant Cell Environ 27(2):167–176

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Solhaug KA, Gauslaa Y (2012) Secondary lichen compounds as protection against excess solar radiation and herbivores. In: Progress in botany, vol 73. Springer, Berlin, pp 283–304

    Google Scholar 

  • Solhaug KA, Gauslaa Y, Nybakken L, Bilger W (2003) UV-induction of sun-screening pigments in lichens. New Phytol 158(1):91–100

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soule T, Stout V, Swingley WD, Meeks JC, Garcia-Pichel F (2007) Molecular genetics and genomic analysis of scytonemin biosynthesis in Nostoc punctiforme ATCC 29133. J Bacteriol 189(12):4465–4472

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Soule T, Garcia-Pichel F, Stout V (2009) Gene expression patterns associated with the biosynthesis of the sunscreen scytonemin in Nostoc punctiforme ATCC 29133 in response to UVA radiation. J Bacteriol 191(14):4639–4646

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Spence E, Dunlap WC, Shick JM, Long PF (2012) Redundant pathways of sunscreen biosynthesis in a cyanobacterium. Chembiochem 13(4):531–533

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takamatsu S, Hodges TW, Rajbhandari I, Gerwick WH, Hamann MT, Nagle DG (2003) Marine natural products as novel antioxidant prototypes. J Nat Prod 66(5):605–608

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tohge T, Watanabe M, Hoefgen R, Fernie AR (2013) Shikimate and phenylalanine biosynthesis in the green lineage. Front Plant Sci 4:62

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Torregiani JH, Lesser MP (2007) The effects of short-term exposures to ultraviolet radiation in the Hawaiian coral Montipora verrucosa. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 340(2):194–203

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Treutter D (2005) Significance of flavonoids in plant resistance and enhancement of their biosynthesis. Plant Biol 7(06):581–591

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turnbull JJ, Nakajima JI, Welford RW, Yamazaki M, Saito K, Schofield CJ (2004) Mechanistic studies on three 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenases of flavonoid biosynthesis: anthocyanidin synthase, flavonol synthase, and flavanone 3β-hydroxylase. J Biol Chem 279(2):1206–1216

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Venugopala KN, Rashmi V, Odhav B (2013) Review on natural coumarin lead compounds for their pharmacological activity. Biomed Res Int 2013:963248

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vidović M, Morina F, Milić S, Albert A, Zechmann B, Tosti T, Winkler JB, Jovanović SV (2015) Carbon allocation from source to sink leaf tissue in relation to flavonoid biosynthesis in variegated Pelargonium zonale under UV-B radiation and high PAR intensity. Plant Physiol Biochem 93:44–55

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watts KT, Lee PC, Schmidt-Dannert C (2004) Exploring recombinant flavonoid biosynthesis in metabolically engineered Escherichia coli. Chembiochem 5(4):500–507

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wong HJ, Mohamad-Fauzi N, Rizman-Idid M, Convey P, Alias SA (2019) Protective mechanisms and responses of micro-fungi towards ultraviolet-induced cellular damage. Pol Sci 20:19–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeevi Ben-Yosef D, Kashman Y, Benayahu Y (2006) Response of the soft coral Heteroxenia fuscescens to ultraviolet radiation regimes as reflected by mycosporine-like amino acid biosynthesis. Mar Ecol 27(3):219–228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang L, Li L, Wu Q (2007) Protective effects of mycosporine-like amino acids of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and their partial characterization. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 86(3):240–245

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Vinod K. Kannaujiya acknowleges IoE-Seed Grant, BHU, Varanasi (Scheme No. 6031) and Core Research Grant, DST-SERB, New Delhi (CRG/2020/001323) for financial support. Saumi is thankful to UGC and BHU for providing a research fellowship.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India

    Saumi Pandey & Vinod K. Kannaujiya

Authors
  1. Saumi Pandey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Vinod K. Kannaujiya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Vinod K. Kannaujiya

  2. Center of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Rajeshwar P. Sinha

  3. Department of Biotechnology, S. S. Khanna Girls’ Degree College, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Md. Akhlaqur Rahman

  4. Center of Biotechnology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Shanthy Sundaram

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Pandey, S., Kannaujiya, V.K. (2023). Photoprotective Compounds: Diversity, Biosynthetic Pathway and Genetic Regulation. In: Kannaujiya, V.K., Sinha, R.P., Rahman, M.A., Sundaram, S. (eds) Photoprotective Green Pharmacology: Challenges, Sources and Future Applications. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0749-6_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation