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Nanoparticles for Anticancer Therapy

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Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology

Part of the book series: Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials ((MHFNN))

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Abstract

In the last decades, scientists around the world have been aiming their efforts to elucidate the unique properties of biocompatible nanoparticles and how to use these materials to develop new approaches for cancer treatments. Once discovered that nanoparticles can spontaneously leave the bloodstream in neoplastic sites and passively accumulate in tumor’s interstitium, avoiding their accumulation in normal tissues, researchers have been studying a variety of nanoparticles as drug delivery systems designed to specifically release therapeutic molecules in tumor tissues to increase the load of drugs in the tumors and to reduce the side effects caused by drugs uptake by normal cells. Lately, many types of nanomaterials with potential for application in cancer therapy are under investigation including the mesoporous silica classes such as SBA and MCM families, the calcium phosphates materials such as hydroxyapatite, the nanotubes such as carbon and boron nitride nanotubes, the magnetic nanostructures such as magnetite and the metallic materials such as gold nanoparticles. Recent studies have shown that nanoparticles are promising carriers for drug and gene delivery and also for biomedical imaging due to their large surface area, uniform pore size distribution and high pore volume that allow high drug loads, as well as good biocompatibility. Hence, these nanoparticles can act in pharmacokinetic release profiles, leading to increased bioavailability, target delivery and thereby enhanced therapeutic efficacy. To act as drug delivery systems, nanoparticles must show long-term circulation in the bloodstream, avoiding being recognized and captured by the macrophages. The functionalization of nanoparticles can make them stealthy to immune system and can also provide active targeting to specific tumor cells, considering that some organic molecules can inhibit the opsonization on nanoparticle surfaces, and other molecules can bind as specific ligands in some receptors that are overexpressed in some neoplastic cells. The receptor–ligand-mediated endocytose can be induced by the functionalization of nanoparticle surfaces with these ligands, allowing a more specific delivery of therapeutic agents directly inside the cells. The functionalization process can also tune the surface charge to increase the colloidal stability of the nanomaterials. By radiolabeling the nanostructures, it is also possible to provide theranostic properties to these materials, allowing to make the diagnosis simultaneously to the treatment. Finally, it is even possible to conjugate all these properties in on nanostructured platform consisting a multifunctional nanosystem, conceding the application of multiple concomitant diagnostic and therapeutic techniques.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear—CDTN, Serviço de Nanotecnologia—SENAN, Av. Antonio Carlos 6.627, Campus da UFMG, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil

    Marcelo Fernandes Cipreste, Gracielle Ferreira Andrade, Wellington Marcos da Silva & Edesia Martins Barros de Sousa

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  1. Marcelo Fernandes Cipreste
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  2. Gracielle Ferreira Andrade
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  3. Wellington Marcos da Silva
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  4. Edesia Martins Barros de Sousa
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Correspondence to Edesia Martins Barros de Sousa .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil

    Ronaldo Ferreira do Nascimento

  2. Department of Chemistry, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil

    Vicente de Oliveira Sousa Neto

  3. Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil

    Pierre Basílio Almeida Fechine

  4. Department of Physics, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil

    Paulo de Tarso Cavalcante Freire

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Cipreste, M.F., Andrade, G.F., da Silva, W.M., de Sousa, E.M.B. (2021). Nanoparticles for Anticancer Therapy. In: Nascimento, R.F.d., Neto, V.d.O.S., Fechine, P.B.A., Freire, P.d.T.C. (eds) Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology. Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6056-3_9

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