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Understanding Methanogens, Methanotrophs, and Methane Emission in Rice Ecosystem

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Microbiomes and the Global Climate Change

Abstract

Rising concentration of methane (CH4), nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, and chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere result in global warming. These greenhouse gases (GHGs) trap the infrared radiations remitted from the Earth. The global mean temperature is rising more rapidly than ever due to presence of higher concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere. Anthropogenic activities such as fossil fuel burning, biomass combustion, industrialization, modern agricultural system, etc., are the key factors responsible for rising GHGs concentration. After carbon dioxide, CH4 is the major GHG contributing to the global warming. CH4 is produced by methanogens by complex processes known as methanogenesis. Methanogens are strictly anaerobic bacteria and they can persist in extreme environmental conditions. Rice is the stable food for more than 50% of global population. Rice is generally cultivated in subtropical regions and it is reported that continuous flooded environment is better for higher production. Flooding condition of the rice creates favorable environment for methanogenic bacteria. Under anaerobic environment, methanogens consume soil organic matter as carbon source and emit CH4 gas to atmosphere. CH4 emission from rice soil is the net balances of two processes: production by methanogens and oxidation by methanotrophs. Methanotrophs are obligate aerobic bacteria which consume CH4 as the source of carbon and help oxidation of CH4 to carbon dioxide. In rice ecosystem, population of methanogenic and methanotrophic bacteria depends upon several biotic and abiotic factors which are discussed in this chapter.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Management and Outreach Division, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India

    Sandeep K. Malyan

  2. Department of Environmental Sciences, J.C. Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, Faridabad, Haryana, India

    Smita S. Kumar

  3. Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India

    Ajeet Singh

  4. Centre for Environment Science and Climate Resilient Agriculture, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India

    Om Kumar & Shakeel A. Khan

  5. ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Gauria Karma Barhi, Jharkhand, India

    Dipak Kumar Gupta

  6. Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Sirmour, Himachal Pradesh, India

    Ajar Nath Yadav

  7. ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, India

    Ram Kishor Fagodiya

  8. Central Muga Eri Research and Training Institute, Central Silk Board, Jorhat, Assam, India

    Amit Kumar

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  1. Post-Graduate Programme in Microbiology, Centre of Research for Development (CORD), University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India

    Showkat Ahmad Lone

  2. Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Abdul Malik

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Malyan, S.K. et al. (2021). Understanding Methanogens, Methanotrophs, and Methane Emission in Rice Ecosystem. In: Lone, S.A., Malik, A. (eds) Microbiomes and the Global Climate Change. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4508-9_12

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