Abstract
To see what is happening under our skin using light would have been a dream, as there are many strong absorbers and scatterers that act as hindrances for imaging purpose. Although light penetrates the skin a little and it is possible to image and monitor superficial blood flow using light illumination, it remains as a challenge to probe deep tissue (roughly 0.1 ~ 3.0 cm) using light alone. In this chapter, we describe the challenges and recent achievements of diffuse optical methods to probe deep tissue, running the gamut from diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) and diffuse optical tomography (DOT) to recently developed diffuse speckle contrast analysis (DSCA). Diffuse optics has opened up a new possibility of non-invasive diagnosis of lesions in deep tissue. In addition, the usage of light makes diffuse optics-based device compatible with other conventional medical devices such as CT and MRI as well as some implanted device such as pace maker. Moreover, diffuse optics-based device is relatively cost-effective and portable. These merits could limitlessly extend its application to primary care unit, bedside monitoring, and operation theater as an optimal modality for probing hemodynamic parameters in microvasculature in deep tissue.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
R. Bright, Diseases of the Brain and Nervous System (Longman, London, 1831)
M. Cutler, Transillumination of the breast. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 48, 721 (1929)
F.F. Jobsis, Noninvasive infrared monitoring of cerebral and myocardial sufficiency and circulatory parameters. Science 198, 1264 (1977)
D.B. Jakubowski, A.E. Cerussi, F.d.r. Bevilacqua, N. Shah, D. Hsiang, J. Butler, B.J. Tromberg, Monitoring neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer using quantitative diffuse optical spectroscopy: a case study. J. Biomed. Opt. 9, 230–238 (2004)
R. Choe, A. Corlu, K. Lee, T. Durduran, S.D. Konecky, M. Grosicka-Koptyra, S.R. Arridge, B.J. Czerniecki, D.L. Fraker, A. DeMichele, B. Chance, M.A. Rosen, A.G. Yodh, Diffuse optical tomography of breast cancer during neoadjuvant chemotherapy: a case study with comparison to MRI. Med. Phys. 32, 1128–1139 (2005)
A. Cerussi, D. Hsiang, N. Shah, R. Mehta, A. Durkin, J. Butler, B.J. Tromberg, Predicting response to breast cancer neoadjuvant chemotherapy using diffuse optical spectroscopy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 4014–4019 (2007)
S.D. Jiang, B.W. Pogue, C.M. Carpenter, S.P. Poplack, W.A. Wells, C.A. Kogel, J.A. Forero, L.S. Muffly, G.N. Schwartz, K.D. Paulsen, P.A. Kaufman, Evaluation of breast tumor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy with tomographic diffuse optical spectroscopy: case studies of tumor region-of-interest changes. Radiology 252, 551–560 (2009)
Y. Hoshi, Functional near-infrared optical imaging: utility and limitations in human brain mapping. Psychophysiology 40, 511–520 (2003)
D.A. Boas, A.M. Dale, M.A. Franceschini, Diffuse optical imaging of brain activation: approaches to optimizing image sensitivity, resolution, and accuracy. NeuroImage 23, S275–S288 (2004)
A.T. Eggebrecht, S.L. Ferradal, A. Robichaux-Viehoever, M.S. Hassanpour, H. Dehghani, A.Z. Snyder, T. Hershey, J.P. Culver, Mapping distributed brain function and networks with diffuse optical tomography. Nat Photon 8, 448–454 (2014)
A. Maki, Y. Yamashita, H. Koizumi, Wavelength dependence of the precision of noninvasive optical measurement of oxy-, deoxy- and total-hemoglobin concentration. Med. Phys. 28, 1108 (2001)
M.A. Franceschini, G. Strangman, D.A. Boas, Factors affecting the accuracy of near-infrared spectroscopy concentration calculations for focal changes in oxygenation parameters. Neuroimage 18, 865 (2003)
T. Durduran, R. Choe, W.B. Baker, A.G. Yodh, Diffuse optics for tissue monitoring and tomography. Rep. Prog. Phys. 73, 076701 (2010)
T.J. Farrell, M.S. Patterson, B. Wilson, A diffusion theory model of spatially resolved, steady-state diffuse reflectance for the noninvasive determination of tissue optical properties in vivo. Med. Phys. 19, 879 (1992)
J. Ripoll, Light diffusion in turbid media with biomedical applications, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 2000
D.A. Boas, Diffuse photon probes of structural and dynamical properties of turbid media theory and biomedical applications, University of Pennsylvania, 1996
M.A. O’Leary, Imaging with diffuse photon density waves. University of Pennsylvania, 1996
D.R. Leff, O.J. Warren, L.C. Enfield, A. Gibson, T. Athanasiou, D.K. Patten, J. Hebden, G.Z. Yang, A. Darzi, Diffuse optical imaging of the healthy and diseased breast: a systematic review. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 108, 9–22 (2008)
T. Durduran, R. Choe, J.P. Culver, L. Zubkov, M.J. Holboke, J. Giammarco, B. Chance, A.G. Yodh, Bulk optical properties of healthy female breast tissue. Phys. Med. Biol. 47, 2847 (2002)
T. Yates, J.C. Hebden, A. Gibson, N. Everdell, S.R. Arridge, M. Douek, Optical tomography of the breast using a multi-channel time-resolved imager. Phys. Med. Biol. 50, 2503 (2005)
M.L. Flexman, M.A. Khalil, R. Al Abdi, H.K. Kim, C.J. Fong, E. Desperito, D.L. Hershman, R.L. Barbour, A.H. Hielscher, Digital optical tomography system for dynamic breast imaging. J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 076014–076016 (2011)
X. Intes, S. Djeziri, Z. Ichalalene, N. Mincu, Y. Wang, P. St.-Jean, F.d.r. Lesage, D. Hall, D.A. Boas, M. Polyzos, Time-domain optical mammography Softscan: initial results on detection and characterization of breast tumors, pp. 188–197 (2004)
Q. Zhu, M. Huang, N. Chen, K. Zarfos, B. Jagjivan, M. Kane, P. Hedge, S.H. Kurtzman, Ultrasound-guided optical tomographic imaging of malignant and benign breast lesions: initial clinical results of 19 cases. Neoplasia 5, 379 (2003)
N. Chen, Q. Zhu, S.H. Kurtzman, Imaging tumor angiogenesis by use of combined near-infrared diffusive light and ultrasound. Opt. Lett. 28, 337 (2003)
L. Enfield, G. Cantanhede, M. Douek, V. Ramalingam, A. Purushotham, J. Hebden, A. Gibson, Monitoring the response to neoadjuvant hormone therapy for locally advanced breast cancer using three-dimensional time-resolved optical mammography. J. Biomed. Opt. 18, 056012–056012 (2013)
C.H. Schmitz, M. Löcker, J.M. Lasker, A.H. Hielscher, R.L. Barbour, Instrumentation for fast functional optical tomography. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 73, 429–439 (2002)
S. Srinivasan, C.M. Carpenter, H.R. Ghadyani, S.J. Taka, P.A. Kaufman, R.M. DiFlorio-Alexander, W.A. Wells, B.W. Pogue, K.D. Paulsen, Image guided near-infrared spectroscopy of breast tissue in vivo using boundary element method. J. Biomed. Opt. 15, 061703–061703–061703–061708 (2010)
H. Soliman, A. Gunasekara, M. Rycroft, J. Zubovits, R. Dent, J. Spayne, M.J. Yaffe, G.J. Czarnota, Functional imaging using diffuse optical spectroscopy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy response in women with locally advanced breast cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 16, 2605–2614 (2010)
B.J. Tromberg, A.E. Cerussi, Imaging breast cancer chemotherapy response with light. Clin. Cancer Res. 16, 2486–2488 (2010)
A. Villringer, J. Planck, C. Hock, L. Schleinkofer, U. Dirnagl, Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS): a new tool to study hemodynamic changes during activation of brain function in human adults. Neurosci. Lett. 154, 101–104 (1993)
Y. Hoshi, M. Tamura, Detection of dynamic changes in cerebral oxygenation coupled to neuronal function during mental work in man. Neurosci. Lett. 150, 5–8 (1993)
T. Kato, A. Kamei, S. Takashima, T. Ozaki, Human visual cortical function during photic stimulation monitoring by means of near-infrared spectroscopy. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 13, 516–520 (1993)
J.H. Meek, M. Firbank, C.E. Elwell, J. Atkinson, O. Braddick, J.S. Wyatt, Regional hemodynamic responses to visual stimulation in awake infants. Pediatr. Res. 43, 840–843 (1998)
Y. Hoshi, B.H. Tsou, V.A. Billock, M. Tanosaki, Y. Iguchi, M. Shimada, T. Shinba, Y. Yamada, I. Oda, Spatiotemporal characteristics of hemodynamic changes in the human lateral prefrontal cortex during working memory tasks. NeuroImage 20, 1493–1504 (2003)
F. Okada, Y. Tokumitsu, Y. Hoshi, M. Tamura, Impaired interhemispheric integration in brain oxygenation and hemodynamics in schizophrenia. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Nuerosci. 244, 17–25 (1994)
A.J. Fallgatter, W.K. Strik, Reduced frontal functional asymmetry in schizophrenia during a cued continuous performance test assessed with near-infrared spectroscopy. Schizophr. Bull. 26, 913–919 (2000)
T. Shinba, M. Nagano, N. Kariya, K. Ogawa, T. Shinozaki, S. Shimosato, Y. Hoshi, Near-infrared spectroscopy analysis of frontal lobe dysfunction in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 55, 154–164 (2004)
T. Suto, M. Fukuda, M. Ito, T. Uehara, M. Mikuni, Multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy in depression and schizophrenia: cognitive brain activation study. Biol. Psychiatry 55, 501–511 (2004)
C. Hock, K. Villringer, F. Müller-Spahn, R. Wenzel, H. Heekeren, S. Schuh-Hofer, M. Hofmann, S. Minoshima, M. Schwaiger, U. Dirnagl, A. Villringer, Decrease in parietal cerebral hemoglobin oxygenation during performance of a verbal fluency task in patients with Alzheimer’s disease monitored by means of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)—correlation with simultaneous rCBF-PET measurements. Brain Res. 755, 293–303 (1997)
A.-C. Ehlis, C.G. Bähne, C.P. Jacob, M.J. Herrmann, A.J. Fallgatter, Reduced lateral prefrontal activation in adult patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) during a working memory task: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) study. J. Psychiatr. Res. 42, 1060–1067 (2008)
H. Obrig, J. Steinbrink, Non-invasive optical imaging of stroke. Philosophical transactions of the royal society a: mathematical, physical and engineering sciences 369, 4470–4494 (2011)
M.N. Kim, T. Durduran, S. Frangos, B.L. Edlow, E.M. Buckley, H.E. Moss, C. Zhou, G.Q. Yu, R. Choe, E. Maloney-Wilensky, R.L. Wolf, M.S. Grady, J.H. Greenberg, J.M. Levine, A.G. Yodh, J.A. Detre, W.A. Kofke, Noninvasive measurement of cerebral blood flow and blood oxygenation using near-infrared and diffuse correlation spectroscopies in critically brain-injured adults. Neurocrit. Care 12, 173–180 (2010)
P.J. Kirkpatrick, J. Lam, P. Al-Rawi, P. Smielewski, M. Czosnyka, Defining thresholds for critical ischemia by using near-infrared spectroscopy in the adult brain. J. Neurosurg. 89, 389–394 (1998)
A. Gallagher, M. Lassonde, D. Bastien, P. Vannasing, F. Lesage, C. Grova, A. Bouthillier, L. Carmant, F. Lepore, R. Béland, D.K. Nguyen, Non-invasive pre-surgical investigation of a 10 year-old epileptic boy using simultaneous EEG–NIRS. Seizure—Eur. J. Epilepsy 17, 576–582 (2008)
L.S.L. Arakaki, V. Ntziachristos, B. Chance, J.S. Leigh, J.C. Schotland, Optical diffusion tomography of the exercising human forearm. Biomed. Opt. Spectrosc. Diagn. 38, 374–377 (2000)
G.Q. Yu, Y. Shang, Y.Q. Zhao, R. Cheng, L.X. Dong, S.P. Saha, Intraoperative evaluation of revascularization effect on ischemic muscle hemodynamics using near-infrared diffuse optical spectroscopies. J Biomed. Opt. 16, 027004 (2011)
Y. Yamada, S. Okawa, Diffuse optical tomography: present status and its future. Opt. Rev. 21, 185–205 (2014)
N. Deliolanis, T. Lasser, D. Hyde, A. Soubret, J. Ripoll, V. Ntziachristos, Free-space fluorescence molecular tomography utilizing 360° geometry projections. Opt. Lett. 32, 382–384 (2007)
M. Solomon, B.R. White, R.E. Nothdruft, W. Akers, G. Sudlow, A.T. Eggebrecht, S. Achilefu, J.P. Culver, Video-rate fluorescence diffuse optical tomography for in vivo sentinel lymph node imaging. Biomed. Opt. Express 2, 3267–3277 (2011)
J. Dong, R. Bi, J.H. Ho, P.S.P. Thong, K.-C. Soo, K. Lee, Diffuse correlation spectroscopy with a fast Fourier transform-based software autocorrelator. J. Biomed. Opt. 17, 097001–097004 (2012)
D.A. Boas, A.G. Yodh, Spatially varying dynamical properties of turbid media probed with diffusing temporal light correlation. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 14, 192–215 (1997)
S.A. Carp, G.P. Dai, D.A. Boas, M.A. Franceschini, Y.R. Kim, Validation of diffuse correlation spectroscopy measurements of rodent cerebral blood flow with simultaneous arterial spin labeling MRI; towards MRI-optical continuous cerebral metabolic monitoring. Biomed Opt Express 1, 553–565 (2010)
G.Q. Yu, T.F. Floyd, T. Durduran, C. Zhou, J.J. Wang, J.A. Detre, A.G. Yodh, Validation of diffuse correlation spectroscopy for muscle blood flow with concurrent arterial spin labeled perfusion MRI. Opt. Express 15, 1064–1075 (2007)
E.M. Buckley, N.M. Cook, T. Durduran, M.N. Kim, C. Zhou, R. Choe, G. Yu, S. Schultz, C.M. Sehgal, D.J. Licht, P.H. Arger, M.E. Putt, H.H. Hurt, A.G. Yodh, Cerebral hemodynamics in preterm infants during positional intervention measured with diffuse correlation spectroscopy and transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Opt. Express 17, 12571–12581 (2009)
R. Bi, J. Dong, K. Lee, Deep tissue flowmetry based on diffuse speckle contrast analysis. Opt. Lett. 38, 1401–1403 (2013)
R. Bi, J. Dong, K. Lee, Multi-channel deep tissue flowmetry based on temporal diffuse speckle contrast analysis. Opt. Express 21, 22854–22861 (2013)
K. Lee, R. Bi, J. Dong, Fast and affordable diffuse optical deep-tissue flowmetry. Opt. Photon. News 24, 32–32 (2013)
Y. Shang, T.B. Symons, T. Durduran, A.G. Yodh, G.Q. Yu, Effects of muscle fiber motion on diffuse correlation spectroscopy blood flow measurements during exercise. Biomed. Opt. Express 1, 500–511 (2010)
T. Durduran, R. Choe, G. Yu, C. Zhou, J.C. Tchou, B.J. Czerniecki, A.G. Yodh, Diffuse optical measurement of blood flow in breast tumors. Opt. Lett. 30, 2915–2917 (2005)
J. Dong, H.J. Toh, P.S. Thong, C.S. Tee, R. Bi, K.-C. Soo, K. Lee, Hemodynamic monitoring of Chlorin e6-mediated photodynamic therapy using diffuse optical measurements. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol. 140, 163–172 (2014)
J.H. Ho, J. Dong, K. Lee, Chapter 12. Diffuse optical imaging of the breast: recent progress, in Multimodality Breast Imaging: Diagnosis and Treatment, ed. by E.Y.K. Ng, U.R. Acharya, R.M. Rangayyan, J.S. Suri (SPIE, Washington, 2013)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media Singapore
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Dong, J., Bi, R., Lee, K. (2016). Deep Tissue Hemodynamic Monitoring Using Diffuse Optical Probes. In: Olivo, M., Dinish, U. (eds) Frontiers in Biophotonics for Translational Medicine. Progress in Optical Science and Photonics, vol 3. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-627-0_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-627-0_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-287-626-3
Online ISBN: 978-981-287-627-0
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)