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Ideas of Indigenous Resilience through Triangulated Model: Ecological Society Experiences of the United States of America and India

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Indigenous Societies in the Post-colonial World

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Abstract

The present study in the book chapter discusses about emerging thoughts to develop a framework for a discourse on response and resilience of Indigenous communities in postcolonial world. The study remains an empirical intervention through proposition of “TRIANGULATED MODEL” on indigenous questions in India and the United States of America (hereafter USA). The colonial legacy of India and United States of America on several common grounds conspired through the parallel policy frameworks and actions thereafter for the native or indigenous communities. What transpired shared colonial legacy in two distant colonies of British, evolved as a conglomerate of collected ideas for governance and repression. Postcolonial policies and discourse which affect global south have its equally repressive and overwhelming influence on global north as well. Indigeneity as resilient force remains the major push factor for postcolonial studies. On the contrary to it, indigenous resilience in northern nations remarkably engages itself on decolonization (Duara, 2004; Duarte and Belarde-Lewis, 2015). In the twenty-first century context, when postcolonial societies of India restructure their societies in globalized world, do they resolve to build a decolonized indigeneity? Whether the decolonial frameworks of the United States of America and India “South Asian indigeneity “constructs or deconstructs its decolonizing theoretics through indigenous rhetoric of global north? How the contesting ideas of indigeneity in two different frameworks yet, connected through terminologies, colonial legacy, settler colonialism have shown resilience in similar patterns which definitely give answers to many of the questions raised through postcolonial and decolonial constructs. The proposed chapter will discuss these questions and will glean its answers through archival, observational, and empirical interventions of theory of triangulated model of ecological cultures carried among indigenous societies of India and United States of America.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Ana María Fraile-Marcos (2020) “Precarity and the stories we tell: post-truth discourse and Indigenous epistemologies in Thomas King’s The Back of the Turtle,” Journal of Postcolonial Writing, 2020, Vol. 56 No. 4, pp. 473–487.

  2. 2.

    Dipesh Chakrabarty (2012) “Postcolonial Studies and the Challenge of Climate Change” New Literary History (The Johns Hopkins University Press), Vol. 43, No. 1 (WINTER 2012), pp. 1–18.

    Stable https://www.jstor.org/stable/23259358.

  3. 3.

    Bina Sengar (2021) “Vanijya aur Ghumantu Samudaay” (In Hindi) in Chaumasa (Quarterly Journal of Madhya Pradesh Tribal Museum), Special Vol. 117, November, 2021-February, 2022, pp. 54–61 Author also worked on the theory of “Triangulated Model of community exchange” and disseminated it as part of her course developed during the Fulbright assignment in 2018–2019. Course details: https://gss.fiu.edu/courses/current-graduate-courses-and-syllabi/spring-2019-graduate-courses-1/syd6901sylspr2019sengar.pdf.

  4. 4.

    Johanna Bockman (2015) “Socialist Globalization against Capitalist Neocolonialism: The Economic Ideas behind the New International Economic Order,” Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development, Volume 6, Number 1, Spring 2015, pp. 109–128.

  5. 5.

    Emma C. Gardner & John R. Bryson (2021) “The dark side of the industrialization of accountancy: innovation, commoditization, colonization and competitiveness” Industry and Innovation: The Dark Sides of Innovation, Vol. 28, Issue-1, pp. 42–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/13662716.2020.1738915.

  6. 6.

    In the following discussion of the paper the Triangulated Model of Society and Ecological Spaces is discussed as part of the theory propounded in the paper.

  7. 7.

    Asha Mukherjee (2021) ‘Gandhi and Sri Aurobindo: Reconstruction and Reformation of Philosophical Traditions’ in Ananta Kumar Giri (Ed.) Mahatma Gandhi and Sri Aurobindo, Routledge, London.

  8. 8.

    Jackson et al. (1995) Indians, Franciscans, and Spanish Colonization: The Impact of the Mission System on California Indians. United States, University of New Mexico Press.

  9. 9.

    Grovogui, S. (2016). Beyond Eurocentrism and Anarchy: Memories of International Order and Institutions, United States, Palgrave Macmillan US.

  10. 10.

    The concept of indigenous and tribal are used in different parts of this text with reference to “ecological societies.” These terms which even though used in popular terminologies in administrative and academia is not universally accepted either by the community or academic discourse.

  11. 11.

    Pradeep Kumar Deepak (2011) “Identities of Tripura and Identities in Tripura” in Ruma Bhattacharya (edited) Identity Issues in Northeast India, New Delhi, Akansha Publishers.

  12. 12.

    Kenneth D. Aiello and Michael Simeone (2019) “Triangulation of History using Textual Data” Isis, Volume 110, No. 3, pp 522–537.

  13. 13.

    David Hardiman (2008) Missionaries and Their Medicine: A Christian Modernity for Tribal India, Manchester, and New York: Manchester University Press.

  14. 14.

    Subbarao, Bendapudi (1958) The Personality of India: Pre and Proto-historic Foundation of India and Pakistan, Faculty of Arts, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, pp. 2–10.

  15. 15.

    https://en.unesco.org/courier/2018-2/anthropocene-vital-challenges-scientific-debate.

  16. 16.

    The studies which I carried as part of my research used in this chapter have theoretical models which are derived through observational and empirical field-based methods. The detailed empirical, archival, and observational versions of these studies are part of this book in two chapters titled: “Fracturing and Formation of Cultural Spaces of Florida Seminole: From Settlements to Reservation” and “Bio-Diversity Habitats, People, Policies and Problematics: Through case studies of ecological hotspots of Aurangabad and Beed”.

  17. 17.

    Details about these reemergence of trading centers is discussed in the chapter by Bina Sengar and Shaikh Feroz Illyas in this edited volume.

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Acknowledgements

The research for this subject and theory is carried by me over a decade long engagement in the parts of Western India, Northeast India, and Northern parts of India, where I was supported by different granting agencies per se Wellcome Trust UK (2011-2012, 2018-2021) and Indian Council of Historical research (2017-2019). For my research carried in the United States of America, I am truly indebted to Tata Trust (2013) AAS Grant (2014) and Fulbright Nehru Fellowship (2018-2019). During my Fulbright grant period, I got tremendous support to understand and work in the Florida and its ecological regions. About the historical perspectives, my discussions with several scholars and their writings enabled my perspectives on this research.

Declarations

Partial funding to complete this paper was received from Wellcome Trust-UK and Fulbright Grant: United States of America-India grants, I have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to this study.

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  1. Department of History and Ancient Indian Culture, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, Marathwada University, Aurangabad, India

    Bina Sengar

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  1. Department of History and Ancient Indian Culture, School of Social Sciences, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, India

    Bina Sengar

  2. Department of French Language and Literature, Felix Houphouet-Boigny University, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire

    A. Mia Elise Adjoumani

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Sengar, B. (2023). Ideas of Indigenous Resilience through Triangulated Model: Ecological Society Experiences of the United States of America and India. In: Sengar, B., Adjoumani, A.M.E. (eds) Indigenous Societies in the Post-colonial World. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8722-9_2

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