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Biobased Graphene for Synthesis of Nanophotocatalysts in the Treatment of Wastewater: A Review and Future Perspective

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Biorefinery: A Sustainable Approach for the Production of Biomaterials, Biochemicals and Biofuels

Abstract

Recently, process development for the reclamation and reusability of wastewater gathers prominent attention due to scarcity of water which arose as a consequence of climate change, limited water resources, and increased agriculture and industrial usage. In the removal of pollutants from wastewaters such as pathogens, organic dyes, etc., semiconductor photocatalyst is an advantageous method because of mild and simple operating conditions, non-toxicity, chemical inertness, low cost, and use of sustainable source such as solar light for degradation. Among probable semiconductor materials, titanium oxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) are very promising due to their high stability, low cost, low toxicity, etc. To accelerate the activity of photocatalyst, many strategies have been adopted such as coupling and doping with other organic and inorganic materials such as carbon, nitrogen, and metals on lattices of semiconductor materials. Among these, there is a considerable interest in graphene due to its chemical stability, high surface area, high electron mobility, and outstanding electrical conductivity. This chapter includes the advances in the biobased graphene (G) and template in the synthesis of nanophotocatalysts (NCPCs). The developed oxide/G-photocomposite would be used along with UV or visible-UV and visible light as a source of irradiation for the treatment of industrial/agricultural wastewaters for heavy metal/dye/antibiotic/oil spill efficiency will be discussed. Based on the literature reviews and past research activities, we recommend using the renewable source of graphene precursor and templating agent for NCPCs. We also propose in situ preparation of graphene-oxide nanocomposite and its photocatalytic application for wastewater treatment. This will open an avenue to explore the energy-saving alternative for NCPCs.

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Abbreviations

Ag+:

Silver

AgCl:

Silver chloride

AO:

Acridine orange

Au:

Gold

Bi2O3:

Dibismuth trioxide

C3N4:

Carbon nitride

Ca2+:

Calcium

CB:

Conduction band

CdS:

Cadmium sulfide

Ce3+:

Cerium

CeO2:

Cerium dioxide

CO2:

Carbon dioxide

Co2+:

Cobalt

Cr3+:

Chromium

Cu:

Copper

Cu2+:

Copper

CuO:

Copper oxide

DCDA:

Dicyandiamide

DSSC:

Dye-sensitized solar cell

EtOH:

Ethanol

Fe2+:

Iron

Fe3O4:

Iron oxide

FeCl3:

Ferric chloride

G:

Graphene

GCS:

Graphitic carbon sheet

GO:

Graphene oxide

h+:

Holes

H2O:

Water

H2O2:

Hydrogen peroxide

H2PO4ˉ:

Dihydrogen phosphate

KOH:

Potassium hydroxide

MB:

Methylene blue

MG:

Malachite green

Mn2+:

Manganese

MnO2:

Manganese dioxide

Mo2C:

Molybdenum carbide

MV:

Methyl violet

NCPCs:

Nanocomposite photocatalysts

NH4:

Ammonium

Ni2+:

Nickel

NPs:

Nanoparticles

OH:

Hydroxyl radicals

Pt:

Platinum

RGO:

Reduce graphene oxide

RhB:

Rhodamine B

SnO2:

Tin dioxide

TiO2:

Titanium oxide

TSS:

Total suspended solid

VB:

Valence band

Zn2+:

Zinc

ZnO:

Zinc oxide

ZrO2:

Zirconium dioxide

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Acknowledgments

We are thankful to the Director of CSIR-IICT (Ms. No. IICT/Pubs./2022/053) for providing all the required facilities to carry out the work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chemical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India

    Supriya

  2. Chemical Engineering Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India

    Nilesh V. Rane & Animesh Chaturvedi

  3. Process Engineering and Technology Transfer (PETT) Department, CSIR-IICT, Hyderabad, India

    Sravan K. Vanka & Alka Kumari

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  1. Supriya
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  2. Nilesh V. Rane
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  4. Sravan K. Vanka
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  5. Alka Kumari
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Correspondence to Alka Kumari .

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  1. MIT School of Bioengineering Sciences & Research, MIT Art, Design and Technology University, Pune, India

    Pranav D. Pathak

  2. Visveswaraya National Institute of Techn, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India

    Sachin A. Mandavgane

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Supriya, Rane, N.V., Chaturvedi, A., Vanka, S.K., Kumari, A. (2023). Biobased Graphene for Synthesis of Nanophotocatalysts in the Treatment of Wastewater: A Review and Future Perspective. In: Pathak, P.D., Mandavgane, S.A. (eds) Biorefinery: A Sustainable Approach for the Production of Biomaterials, Biochemicals and Biofuels. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7481-6_7

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