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Precision Medicine in Infectious Disease

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Precision Medicine in Clinical Practice

Abstract

The conception that several infectious diseases were linked to an inherited disorder has been discussed, and every day, substantial evidence now is supported by the human genetic contribution to susceptibility to infectious diseases. Despite being a forerunner, personalized medicine (PM) is not yet routinely applied in infectious patient care.

For this scope, education is a crucial step for the successful implementation of PM in the clinic, and with this part, we would like to encourage learning about PM in the communicable disease field.

The information in this section will drive you through the concept of personalized infectious diseases and a piece of basic knowledge about the possibility of identifying determinants of clinical outcomes, looking at the host face through selected infectious diseases which are considered a global health issue such as HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection and related AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), infections caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, malaria, and COVID-19 infection. It is especially important, as it can enable the development of one’s own thoughts and ideas to be able to understand and implement this rapidly developing field of science.

A brief overview of the genetic identification of more vulnerable individuals is expected to inform personalized treatment and perhaps vaccination strategies. Additionally, new technologies are supporting the rapid identification of infective agents and targeted approaches based on the genetic resistance of pathogens to antibiotics. This information can lead to revising the data that can be used for personalized predicting diseases, improving personalized treatment, and also personalized prevention strategies specific to infectious pathogens.

The last subchapter is dedicated to a deeper revision of the COVID-19 infection from a personalized medicine perspective.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Meiro-Lorenzo M, et al. Climate change and health approach and action plan. Investing in climate change and health series. World Bank Group, 2017. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/421451495428198858/Climate-change-and-healthapproach-and-action-plan

  2. 2.

    WHO. 2013a. Global TB report https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/91355

  3. 3.

    https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/treatment/decideltbi.htm

  4. 4.

    https://www.immunopaedia.org.za/online-courses/previous-iuis-courses/immunocolombia/overview-of-t-cell-subsets/section-2-cytokines-determine-subsets-of-cd4-and-cd8-t-cells/

  5. 5.

    WHO Director-General Summarizes the Outcome of the Emergency Committee Regarding Clusters of Microcephaly and Guillain-Barré Syndrome. 2016. Available online: https://www.who.int/news/item/01-02-2016-who-director-general-summarizes-the-outcome-of-the-emergency-committee-regarding-clusters-ofmicrocephaly-and-guillain-barr%C3%A9-syndrome

  6. 6.

    https://www.cdc.gov/zika/laboratories/types-of-tests.html

  7. 7.

    Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). (2014). Fast-Track: ending the AIDS epidemic by 2030. https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/JC2686_WAD2014report_en.pdf

  8. 8.

    https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2021/09/15/2297456/0/en/Excision-Receives-FDA-Clearance-of-IND-for-Phase-1-2-Trial-of-EBT-101-CRISPR-Based-Therapeutic-for-Treatment-of-HIV.html

  9. 9.

    https://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/zoonoses/en/

  10. 10.

    World Health Organization. (2018). World malaria report 2018.

    https://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world_malaria_report/en/

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Coordination and Support Service, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy

    Maria Josefina Ruiz Alvarez

  2. Medical Genomics Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

    Mandana Hasanzad

  3. Personalized Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mandana Hasanzad & Negar Sarhangi

  4. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Hamid Reza Aghaei Meybodi

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    Mandana Hasanzad

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Alvarez, M.J.R., Hasanzad, M., Meybodi, H.R.A., Sarhangi, N. (2022). Precision Medicine in Infectious Disease. In: Hasanzad, M. (eds) Precision Medicine in Clinical Practice. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5082-7_13

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