Abstract
Heavy metals (HMs) accumulate in milieu due to various human activities that persist leading to biomagnification in food chains and cause unpleasant effects on human health and environment. Pollutants such as organic matter and HMs are remediated traditionally by chemical precipitation, electrochemical treatment, adsorption, reverse osmosis, ion exchange, coagulation, and photo-catalyzation, remained ineffective. Use of nanomaterials conjugated with various compounds showed significant reduction in several contaminated sites. However, existing implication of nanotechnology works with nanoparticles (NPs) synthesis majorly involved the use of chemical raw materials and physical methods which are relatively toxic and unstable. Aforesaid difficulties made researchers and entrepreneurs to reconnoitre effective, newer, and novel synthesis approaches for the replacement over older version. During the past decade, to overcome these issues plant-derived NPs are extensively used because of its less cost, efficiency, and eco-friendly in nature. Hence, advanced alternative technology like phytoremediation using nanomaterials with innovative techniques has been a boon for HM remediation. Efficiency of green synthesized NPs is based on redox reactions which makes metals stable facilitated by flavonoids and polyphenols responding to HM-stress. Several metal complexation processes are known to produce phytochelatins or other metal-chelating peptides helping the bioremediation of HMs. Current chapter throws light on adaptive mechanism employed by NPs coupled with plant or microbial extracts in overcoming the HM stress. Furthermore, here we also focus on the possible mechanism and interaction between NPs and HM in minimizing severity of polluted sites with many examples.
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Shilpa, B.M., Rashmi, R., Manjula, N.G., Sreekantha, A. (2022). Bioremediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Sites Using Phytogenic Nanoparticles. In: Shah, M.P., Roy, A. (eds) Phytonanotechnology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4811-4_11
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