Abstract
In aquaculture, fish farming or pisciculture is the farming of fishes mainly for commercial food production process and plays a crucial role in socio-economic development worldwide. In last two decades, economic losses and other unseen problems aroused in the aquaculture-related production due to infectious diseases. Immunostimulants and immunosuppressors are one of the most significant approaches for improving the immune system of the aquatic animals and can rejuvenate the aquatic industry by preventing fish diseases. Various types of substances including glucans, bacterial products, lactoferrin, levamisole, and medicinal plant constituents can be used as a disease controlling agents that directly influence the innate or nonspecific and adaptive or specific immune reactions of aquatic animals. Most of the nutritional supplementations of plant constituents as immunostimulants or immunosuppressors for indirectly treating the infectious diseases in aquatic animals have high research priority among scientists. Particularly, the bioactive compounds of the plant constituents can circuitously reinforce the innate immune response of the fish reducing susceptibility to broad spectrum of pathogens. This chapter mainly emphasizes about the efficacy and efficiency of different medicinal plant products as immunostimulants, and also focuses on the immunological and growth performance parameters of several fish species, health, and production. Ultimately, it may shed light on the new era of herbal biomedicines as immunomodulators and immunosuppressors in the aquaculture industry and also discuss about cellular and molecular mechanisms evolved during the dietary intake of medicinal herbs in the fish species.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abdel-Razek N, Awad SM, Abdel-Tawwab M (2019) Effect of dietary purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) leaves powder on growth, immunostimulation, and protection of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus against Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Fish Physiol Biochem 45(6):1907–1917. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-019-00685-8
Abdel-Tawwab M (2012) The use of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) in practical diets for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): growth performance and challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila. J Appl Aquac 24(4):366–376. https://doi.org/10.1080/10454438.2012.733593
Abdel-Tawwab M, Adeshina I, Jenyo-Oni A, Ajani EK, Emikpe BO (2018a) Growth, physiological, antioxidants, and immune response of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (B.), to dietary clove basil, Ocimum gratissimum, leaf extract and its susceptibility to listeria monocytogenes infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol 78:346–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.057
Abdel-Tawwab M, Samir F, Abd El-Naby AS, Monier MN (2018b) Antioxidative and immunostimulatory effect of dietary cinnamon nanoparticles on the performance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) and its susceptibility to hypoxia stress and Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol 74:19–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2017.12.033
Ahmad MH, El Mesallamy AMD, Samir F, Zahran F (2011) Effect of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) on growth performance, feed utilization, whole-body composition, and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in Nile tilapia. J Appl Aquac 23(4):289–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/10454438.2011.626350
Ainsworth AJ, Dexiang C, Waterstrat PR (1991) Changes in peripheral blood leukocyte percentages and function of neutrophils in stressed channel catfish. J Aquatic Anim Health 3:41–47
Akintobi OA, Onoh CC, Ogele JO, Idowu AA, Ojo OV, Okonko IO (2013) Antimicrobial activity of Zingiber officinale (ginger) extract against some selected pathogenic bacteria. Nat Sci 11
Akrami R, Gharaei A, Mansour MR, Galeshi A (2015) Effects of dietary onion (Allium cepa) powder on growth, innate immune response and hemato-biochemical parameters of beluga (Huso huso Linnaeus, 1754) juvenile. Fish Shellfish Immunol 45(2):828–834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2015.06.005
Ali BH, Blunden G, Tanira MO, Nemmar A (2008) Some phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale roscoe): a review of recent research. Food Chem Toxicol 46(2):409–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.085
Amar EC, Kiron V, Satoh S, Watanabe T (2004) Enhancement of innate immunity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) associated with dietary intake of carotenoids from natural products. Fish Shellfish Immunol 16(4):527–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2003.09.004
Andoniou CE, Coudert JD, Degli-Esposti MA (2008) Killers and beyond: NK-cell-mediated control of immune responses. Eur J Immunol 38(11):2938–2942. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.200838882
Ardo L, Yin G, Xu P, Váradi L, Szigeti G, Jeney Z, Jeney G (2008) Chinese herbs (Astragalus membranaceus and Lonicera japonica) and boron enhance the non-specific immune response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila. Aquaculture 275:26–33
Azeredo R, Machado M, Kreuz E, Wuertz S, Oliva-Teles A, Enes P, Costas B (2017) The European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) innate immunity and gut health are modulated by dietary plant-protein inclusion and prebiotic supplementation. Fish Shellfish Immunol 60:78–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2016.11.019
Bandeira Junior G, Baldisserotto B (2020) Fish infections associated with the genus Aeromonas: a review of the effects on oxidative status. J Appl Microbiol. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.14986
Barros L, Dueñas M, Dias MI, Sousa MJ, Santos-Buelga C, Ferreira ICFR (2013) Phenolic profiles of cultivated, in vitro cultured and commercial samples of Melissa officinalis L. infusions. Food Chem 136(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.07.107
Biller-Takahashi JD, Urbinati EC (2014) Fish immunology. The modification and manipulation of the innate immune system: Brazilian studies. An Acad Bras Cienc 86(3):1484–1506. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201420130159
Birben E, Sahiner UM, Sackesen C, Erzurum S, Kalayci O (2012) Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense. World Aller Organ J 5(1):9–19. https://doi.org/10.1097/WOX.0b013e3182439613
Chakrabarti R, Rao YV (2006) Achyranthes aspera stimulates the immunity and enhances the antigen clearance in Catla catla. Int Immunopharmacol 6:782–790
Cañas CA, Cañas F (2012) The biological significance of evolution in autoimmune phenomena. Autoimmune Dis 2012:784315. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/784315
Carbone D, Faggio C (2016) Importance of prebiotics in aquaculture as immunostimulants. Effects on immune system of Sparus aurata and Dicentrarchus labrax. Fish Shellfish Immunol 54:172–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2016.04.011
Castro R, Bernard D, Lefranc MP, Six A, Benmansour A, Boudinot P (2011) T cell diversity and TcR repertoires in teleost fish. Fish Shellfish Immunol 31(5):644–654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2010.08.016
Chandran MN, Iyapparaj P, Moovendhan Ramasubburayan R, Prakash S, Immanuel G, Palavesam A (2014) Influence of probiotic bacterium Bacillus cereus isolated from the gut of wild shrimp Penaeus monodon in turn as a potent growth promoter and immune enhancer in P. monodon. Fish Shellfish Immunol 36:38–45
Citarasu T (2010) Herbal biomedicines: a new opportunity for aquaculture industry. Aquaculture Int 18:403–414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-009-9253-7
Dalton TP, Shertzer HG, Puga A (1999) Regulation of gene expression by reactive oxygen. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 39:67–101. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.39.1.67
Defoirdt T, Sorgeloos P, Bossier P (2011) Alternatives to antibiotics for the control of bacterial disease in aquaculture. Curr Opin Microbiol 14(3):251–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2011.03.004
Devi G, Harikrishnan R, Paray BA, Al-Sadoon MK, Hoseinifar SH, Balasundaram C (2019) Effect of symbiotic supplemented diet on innate-adaptive immune response, cytokine gene regulation and antioxidant property in Labeo rohita against Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish Shellfish Immunol 89:687–700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.036
Dügenci SK, Arda N, Candan A (2003) Some medicinal plants as immunostimulant for fish. J Ethnopharmacol 88(1):99–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-8741(03)00182-x
Garcia J, Reiter RJ, Guerrero JM, Escames G, Yu BP, Oh CS, Muñoz-Hoyos A (1997) Melatonin prevents changes in microsomal membrane fluidity during induced lipid peroxidation. FEBS Lett 408(3):297–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-5793(97)00447-X
Giri SS, Jun JW, Sukumaran V, Park SC (2016) Dietary Administration of Banana (Musa acuminata) Peel flour affects the growth, antioxidant status, cytokine responses, and disease susceptibility of Rohu, Labeo rohita. J Immunol Res 2016:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4086591
Giri SS, Sen SS, Chi C, Kim HJ, Yun S, Park SC, Sukumaran V (2015a) Chlorophytum borivilianum polysaccharide fraction provokes the immune function and disease resistance of Labeo rohita against Aeromonas hydrophila. J Immunol Res 2015:256510. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/256510
Giri SS, Sen SS, Chi C, Kim HJ, Yun S, Park SC, Sukumaran V (2015b) Effect of guava leaves on the growth performance and cytokine gene expression of Labeo rohita and its susceptibility to Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol 46(2):217–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2015.05.051
Giri SS, Sukumaran V, Park SC (2019) Effects of bioactive substance from turmeric on growth, skin mucosal immunity and antioxidant factors in common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Fish Shellfish Immunol 92:612–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2019.06.053
Gopalakannan A, Arul V (2006) Immunomodulatory effects of dietary intake of chitin, chitosan and levamisole on the immune system of Cyprinus carpio and control of Aeromonas hydrophila infection in ponds. Aquaculture 255:179–187
Hamed HS, Abdel-Tawwab M (2021) Dietary pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel mitigated the adverse effects of silver nanoparticles on the performance, haemato-biochemical, antioxidant, and immune responses of Nile tilapia fingerlings. Aquaculture 540:736742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736742
Hohn C, Petrie-Hanson L (2012) Rag1−/− mutant zebrafish demonstrate specific protection following bacterial re-exposure. PLoS One 7(9):e44451. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0044451
Huttner A, Harbarth S, Carlet J, Cosgrove S, Goossens H, Holmes A, Pittet D (2013) Antimicrobial resistance: a global view from the 2013 world healthcare-associated infections forum. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2:31. https://doi.org/10.1186/2047-2994-2-31
Jian J, Wu Z (2003) Effects of traditional Chinese medicine on nonspecific immunity and disease resistance of large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea (Richardson). Aquaculture 218(1/4):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0044-8486(02)00192-8
Jian J, Wu Z (2004) Influences of traditional Chinese medicine on non-specific immunity of Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). Fish Shellfish Immunol 16(2):185–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1050-4648(03)00062-7
Kumari J, Sahoo PK, Giri SS, Pillai BR (2004) Immunomodulation by ‘ImmuPlus (AquaImmu)’ in giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De man). Ind J Exp Biol 42:1073–1077. Lawhavinit, Ongard, Sincharoenpokai
Lauria V, Das I, Hazra S, Cazcarro I, Arto I, Kay S et al (2018) Importance of fisheries for food security across three climate change vulnerable deltas. Sci Total Environ 640-641:1566–1577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.011
Lee KW, Jeong HS, Cho SH (2020b) Dietary inclusion effect of yacon, ginger, and blueberry on growth, body composition, and disease resistance of juvenile black rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) against vibrio anguillarum. Fisher Aquatic Sci 23:1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41240-020-00157-8
Lee PT, Chen HY, Liao ZH, Huang HT, Chang TC, Huang CT et al (2020a) Effects of three medicinal herbs Bidens pilosa, Lonicera japonica, and Cyathula officinalis on growth and non-specific immune responses of cobia (Rachycentron canadum). Fish Shellfish Immunol 106:526–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2020.07.032
Levy G, Zilberg D, Paladini G, Fridman S (2015) Efficacy of ginger-based treatments against infection with Gyrodactylus turnbulli in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata (Peters)). Vet Parasitol 209(3):235–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.03.002
Logambal SM, Michael RD (2000) Immunostimulatory effect of azadirachtin in Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters). Indian J Exp Biol 38(11):1092–1096
Logambal SM, Venkatalakshmi S, Michael RD (2000) Immunostimulatory effect of leaf extract of Ocimum sanctum Linn. in Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters). Hydrobiologia 430:113–120
Magnadóttir B (2006) Innate immunity of fish (overview). Fish Shellfish Immunol 20(2):137–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2004.09.006
Meena DK, Das P, Kumar S, Mandal SC, Prusty AK, Singh SK, Akhtar MS, Behera BK, Kumar K, Pal AK et al (2013) Beta-glucan: an ideal immunostimulant in aquaculture (a review). Fish Physiol Biochem 39:431–457
Mohammadi G, Rafiee G, El Basuini MF, Abdel-Latif HMR, Dawood MAO (2020) The growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immunological responses, and the resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed Pistacia vera hulls derived polysaccharide. Fish Shellfish Immunol 106:36–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2020.07.064
Nieto S, Garrido A, Sanhueza J, Loyola LA, Morales G, Leighton F, Valenzuela A (1993) Flavonoids as stabilizers of fish oil: an alternative to synthetic antioxidants. J Am Oil Chem Soc 70(8):773–778. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02542599
Peng C-H, Su J-D, Chyau C-C, Sung T-Y, Ho S-S, Peng C-C, Peng RY (2007) Supercritical fluid extracts of rosemary leaves exhibit potent anti-inflammation and anti-tumor effects. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 71(9):2223–2232. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.70199
Punitha SMJ, Babu MM, Sivaram V, Shankar VS, Dhas SA, Mahesh TC et al (2008) Immunostimulating influence of herbal biomedicines on nonspecific immunity in grouper Epinephelus tauvina juvenile against Vibrio harveyi infection. Aquac Int 16(6):511–523. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-007-9162-6
Reverter M, Tapissier-Bontemps N, Sasal P, Saulnier D (2017) Use of medicinal plants in aquaculture. In: Diagnosis and control of diseases of fish and shellfish. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 223–261
Reyes-Cerpa S, Vallejos-Vidal E, Gonzalez-Bown MJ, Morales-Reyes J, Pérez-Stuardo D, Vargas D et al (2018) Effect of yeast (Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous) and plant (Saint John's wort, lemon balm, and rosemary) extract based functional diets on antioxidant and immune status of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) subjected to crowding stress. Fish Shellfish Immunol 74:250–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2017.12.061
Ringø E, Van Doan H, Lee SH, Soltani M, Hoseinifar SH, Harikrishnan R, Song SK (2020) Probiotics, lactic acid bacteria and bacilli: interesting supplementation for aquaculture. J Appl Microbiol 129(1):116–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.14628
Rodrigues MV, Zanuzzo FS, Koch JFA, De Oliveira CAF, Sima P, Vetvicka V (2020) Development of fish immunity and the role of β-glucan in immune responses. Molecules 25(22):5378. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225378
Rossolini GM, Arena F, Pecile P, Pollini S (2014) Update on the antibiotic resistance crisis. Curr Opin Pharmacol 18:56–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2014.09.006
Sahu S, Das BK, Mishra BK, Pradhan J, Sarangi N (2007) Effect of Allium sativum on the immunity and survival of Labeo rohita infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. J Appl Ichthyol 23(1):80–86. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2006.00785.x
Sakai M, Kamiya H, Ishii S, Atsuta S, Koybayashi M (1992) The immunostimulating effects of chitin in rainbow trout, Oncorhunchus mykiss. In: Shariff M, Subasinghe RP, Arthur JR (eds) Diseases in Asian Aquaculture I. Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines, pp 413–417
Salomón R, Firmino JP, Reyes-López FE, Andree KB, González-Silvera D, Esteban MA et al (2020) The growth promoting and immunomodulatory effects of a medicinal plant leaf extract obtained from Salvia officinalis and Lippia citriodora in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture 524:735291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735291
Sattanathan G, Tamizhazhagan V, Padmapriya S, Liu W-C, Balamuralikrishnan B (2020a) Effect of green algae Chaetomorpha antennina extract on growth, modulate immunity, and defenses against Edwardsiella tarda infection in Labeo rohita. Animals 10:2033
Sattanathan G, Thanapal P, Padmapriya S, Vijaya Anand A, Sungkwon P, Kim IH, Balamuralikrishnan B (2020b) Influences of dietary inclusion of algae Chaetomporpha aerea enhanced growth performance, immunity, haematological response and disease resistance of Labeo rohita challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. Aquac Rep 17:100353
Scandalios JG (2005) Oxidative stress: molecular perception and transduction of signals triggering antioxidant gene defenses. Braz J Med Biol Res 38(7):995–1014. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-879x2005000700003
Scapigliati G, Fausto AM, Picchietti S (2018) Fish lymphocytes: an evolutionary equivalent of mammalian innate-like lymphocytes? Front Immunol 9:971. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00971
Smuder AJ, Kavazis AN, Hudson MB, Nelson WB, Powers SK (2010) Oxidation enhances myofibrillar protein degradation via calpain and caspase-3. Free Radic Biol Med 49(7):1152–1160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.06.025
Star B, Nederbragt AJ, Jentoft S, Grimholt U, Malmstrøm M, Gregers TF et al (2011) The genome sequence of Atlantic cod reveals a unique immune system. Nature 477(7363):207–210. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10342
Sudhakaran DS, Srirekha P, Devasree LD, Premsingh S, Michael RD (2006) Immunostimulatory effect of Tinospora cordifolia Miers leaf extract in Oreochromis mossambicus. Indian J Exp Biol 44(9):726–732
Sukumaran V, Park SC, Giri SS (2016) Role of dietary ginger Zingiber officinale in improving growth performances and immune functions of Labeo rohita fingerlings. Fish Shellfish Immunol 57:362–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2016.08.056
Tan BK, Vanitha J (2004) Immunomodulatory and antimicrobial effects of some traditional chinese medicinal herbs: a review. Curr Med Chem 11(11):1423–1430. https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867043365161
Wang E, Chen X, Wang K, Wang J, Chen D, Geng Y et al (2016) Plant polysaccharides used as immunostimulants enhance innate immune response and disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in fish. Fish Shellfish Immunol 59:196–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2016.10.039
Workenhe ST, Rise ML, Kibenge MJ, Kibenge FS (2010) The fight between the teleost fish immune response and aquatic viruses. Mol Immunol 47(16):2525–2536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2010.06.009
Yin G, Jeney G, Racz T, Xu P, Jun X, Jeney Z (2006) Effect of two Chinese herbs (Astragalus radix and Scutellaria radix) on non-specific immune response of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Aquaculture 253:39–47
Zahran E, Risha E, Abdelhamid F, Mahgoub HA, Ibrahim T (2014) Effects of dietary Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) on growth performance, immunological parameters, digestive enzymes, and intestinal morphology of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish Shellfish Immunol 38(1):149–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2014.03.002
Zhang G, Gong S, Yu D, Yuan H (2009) Propolis and Herba Epimedii extracts enhance the non-specific immune response and disease resistance of Chinese sucker, Myxocyprinus asiaticus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 26(3):467–472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2009.01.011
Zhou HL, Deng YM, Xie QM (2006) The modulatory effects of the volatile oil of ginger on the cellular immune response in vitro and in vivo in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 105(1–2):301–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.10.022
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Raja, N., Karuppiah, H., Easwaran, M., Shin, HJ., Ahn, J. (2022). Herbal Biomedicines as Immunostimulants and Immunosuppressors in Fish. In: Balasubramanian, B., Liu, WC., Sattanathan, G. (eds) Aquaculture Science and Engineering. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0817-0_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0817-0_18
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-19-0816-3
Online ISBN: 978-981-19-0817-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)