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Beta-glucan: an ideal immunostimulant in aquaculture (a review)

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Abstract

The major hindrance in the development and sustainability of aquaculture industry is the occurrence of various diseases in the farming systems. Today, preventive and management measures are central concern to overcome such outbreak of diseases. Immunostimulants are considered as an effective tool for enhancing immune status of cultured organisms. Among different immunostimulants used in aquaculture practices, β-glucan is one of the promising immunostimulant, which is a homopolysaccharide of glucose molecule linked by the glycoside bond. It forms the major constituents of cell wall of some plants, fungi, bacteria, mushroom, yeast, and seaweeds. Major attention on β-glucan was captivated with the gain in knowledge on its receptors and the mechanism of action. The receptor present inside the animal body recognizes and binds to β-glucan, which in turn renders the animal with high resistance and enhanced immune response. This review highlights β-glucan as an immunostimulant, its effective dosages, and route of administration and furthermore provides an outline on role of β-glucan in enhancing growth, survival, and protection against infectious pathogens pertaining to fishes and shellfishes. Study also summarizes the effect of β-glucan on its receptors, recognition of proteins, immune-related enzymes, immune-related gene expression and their mechanisms of action.

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Abbreviations

BG:

β-Glucan

LGBP:

Lipopolysaccharide and β-glucan binding protein

proPO:

Prophenoloxidase

BGR:

β-Glucan receptor

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

TLR:

Toll like receptor

WSSV:

White spot syndrome virus

RPS:

Relative percent survival

FED:

Feed efficiency ratio

YYS:

Yeast and yeast subcomponents

YCW:

Yeast cell wall

YBG:

Yeast β-glucan

BYG:

Brewer’s yeast glucan

CMBG:

Carboxymethyl β-glucan

THC:

Total hemocyte count

BGBP-HDL:

β-Glucan binding protein–high density lipopolysaccharide

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Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to the Director, Central Institute of fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai-61 (India) for his constant support, encouragement, and providing facilities for the study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barracklpore, Kolkata, 700120, West Bengal, India

    D. K. Meena, Pronob Das & B. K. Behera

  2. Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Seven Bungalow, Versova, Mumbai, 400061, India

    Shailesh Kumar, S. K. Singh, Kundan Kumar, A. K. Pal & S. C. Mukherjee

  3. College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University, Lembucherra, 799210, Tripura, India

    S. C. Mandal

  4. Project Directorate for Farming System Research (PDFSR), Modipuram, Meerut, 250110, UP, India

    A. K. Prusty

  5. Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Nainital, 263136, Uttarakhand, India

    M. S. Akhtar

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  1. D. K. Meena
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  2. Pronob Das
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  3. Shailesh Kumar
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  8. B. K. Behera
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  9. Kundan Kumar
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  11. S. C. Mukherjee
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Correspondence to Pronob Das.

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D. K. Meena, Pronob Das, Shailesh Kumar have contributed equally to this work.

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Meena, D.K., Das, P., Kumar, S. et al. Beta-glucan: an ideal immunostimulant in aquaculture (a review). Fish Physiol Biochem 39, 431–457 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-012-9710-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-012-9710-5

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