Abstract
The mariculture, a type of aquaculture, is the process in which the seaweeds, a type of macroalgae, are cultivated. The seaweed involves various medicinal, biological, and socio-economical applications. The seaweeds are autotrophic and can produce numerous compounds with many important aspects. It has been used for a long time as a nutrient, which is rich in protein, dietary fibres and lipids. Along with the bio-molecules, it has numerous bioactive compounds with multi-potential uses in various industries. The products of the seaweed cultivation majorly involve the consumption by human beings, whereas the other major impact of seaweeds has been observed in the maintenance of marine food chain and marine ecosystem. The seaweed cultivation has been seen majorly around the coastal regions but it does not denote that coastal areas are necessary for seaweed cultivation. This chapter provides information about different types of seaweeds, their characteristics, lifecycle, production, application and cultivation techniques of the seaweeds, particularly in tropical regions. The discussion continues to know about their nutritional values, followed by the details about the different regions and countries that fall under the tropical category, and the three major production methods of seaweed cultivation along with its advantages and disadvantages and the factors that can harm the seaweed cultivation have also been discussed in this chapter. The chapter also covers the threats and harm to the seaweeds as well as the factors that increase the growth of the seaweeds.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Airanthi MWA, Hosokawa M, Miyashita K (2011) Comparative antioxidant activity of edible Japanese brown seaweeds. J Food Sci 76:C104–C111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01915.x
Ali SA, Anshary H, Tahya AM (2017) Environmental parameters and specific growth of Kappaphycus alvarezii in Saugi Island, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia Aquaculture. Aquarium Conserv Legis 10(4):698–702
Alves A, Sousa RA, Reis RL (2013) A practical perspective on ulvan extracted from green algae. J Appl Phycol 25:407–424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-012-9875-4
Andrade LR, Salgado LT, Farina M, Pereira MS, Mourão PAS, Amado Filho GM (2004) Ultrastructure of acidic polysaccharides from the cell walls of brown algae. J Struct Biol 145:216–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsb.2003.11.011
Ara J, Sultana V, Qasim Rahmad VU (2002) Hypolipidaemic activity of seaweed from Karachi coast. Phytother Res 16:479–483. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.909
Artan M, Li Y, Karadeniz F, Lee SH, Kim MM, Kim SK (2008) Anti-HIV-1 activity of phloroglucinol derivative, 6, 60-bieckol, from Ecklonia cava. Bioorg Med Chem 16:7921–7926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2008.07.078
Bhattarai Y, Kashyap PC (2016) Agaro-oligosaccharides: a new frontier in the fight against colon cancer? Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 310:G335–G336. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00049.2016
ChandÃa NP, Matsuhiro B (2008) Characterization of a fucoidan from Lessonia vadosa (Phaeophyta) and its anticoagulant and elicitor properties. Int J Biol Macromol 42:35–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2007.10.023
Chandini SK, Ganesan P, Bhaskar N (2008) In vitro antioxidant activities of three selected brown seaweeds of India. Food Chem 107:707–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.08.081
Chattopadhyay K, Ghosh T, Pujol CA, Carlucci MJ, Damonte EB, Ray B (2008) Polysaccharides from Gracilaria corticata: Sulfation, chemical characterization and anti-HSV activities. Int J Biol Macromol 43:346–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2008.07.009
Chen CY, Durbin EG (1994) Effects of pH on the growth and carbon uptake of marine phytoplankton. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 1:109. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps109083
Cherry P, Yadav S, Strain CR, Allsopp PJ, McSorley EM, Ross RP, Stanton C (2019) Prebiotics from seaweeds: an ocean of opportunity? Mar Drugs 17(6):327. https://doi.org/10.3390/md17060327
Cian RE, Caballero MS, Sabbag N, González RJ, Drago SR (2014) Bio-accessibility of bioactive compounds (ACE inhibitors and antioxidants) from extruded maize products added with a red seaweed Porphyra columbina. LWT- Food Sci Technol 55:51–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2013.08.011
Coura CO, Souza RB, Rodrigues JAG, Vanderlei EDSO, Araújo D (2015) Mechanisms involved in the anti-inflammatory action of a polysulfated fraction from Gracilaria cornea in rats. PLoS One 10:e0119319
Crespi V, Coche A (2008) Glossary of aquaculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome
Cribb AB (1953) Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) Ag. in Tasmanian waters. Aust J Mar Freshwat Res 5(1):1–34. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF9540001
Cunha L, Grenha A (2016) Sulfated seaweed polysaccharides as multifunctional materials in drug delivery applications. Mar Drugs 14:42. https://doi.org/10.3390/md14030042
Dayton PK (1985) Ecology of Kelp Communities. An Rev Ecol Syst 16:215–245. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.16.110185.001243
De Jesus Raposo MF, de Morais AMMB, de Morais RMSC (2015) Bioactivity and applications of polysaccharides from marine Microalgae polysaccharides. Mar Drugs 13(5):2967–3028. https://doi.org/10.3390/md13052967
Déville C, Gharbi M, Dandrifosse G, Peulen O (2007) Study on the effects of laminarin, a polysaccharide from seaweed, on gut characteristics. J Sci Food Agric 1725:1717–1725. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2901
Filho WL (2017) Fiji has a tropical marine climate, with average daily temperatures at Suva ranging from 204–26 5 °C in July to 238–31 0 °C in February. In: Climate change impacts and adaptation strategies for coastal communities. Springer, New York
Fisheries and Aquaculture (2014) Fisheries and aquaculture information and statistics service–16 Mar 2014
Food and Agricultural Organisations of the United Nations (2021). http://www.fao.org/aquaculture/en/. Accessed 21 May 2021
Freile-PelegrÃn Y, Murano E (2005) Agars from three species of Gracilaria (Rhodophyta) from Yucatán Peninsula. Bioresour Technol 96:295–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2004.04.010
Ganesan AR, Kowsalya S, Balamuralikrishnan B, Liu WC, Mariadhas VA, Naif Abdullah AD, Veeramuthu D (2020b) Evaluation of in vivo sub-chronic and heavy metal toxicity of under-exploited seaweeds for food application. J King Saud Univ–Sci 32:1088–1095
Ganesan AR, Subramanium K, Munisamy SS, Palaniappan S, Sungkwon P, Ahmed H, Rajakrishnan R, Balamuralikrishnan B (2020a) A comparison of nutritional value of underexploited edible seaweeds with recommended dietary allowances. J King Saud Univ–Sci 32:1206–1211
Ghannam A, Abbas A, Alek H, Al-Waari Z, Al-Ktaifani M (2013) Enhancement of local plant immunity against tobacco mosaic virus infection after treatment with sulphated-carrageenan from red alga (Hypnea musciformis). Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 84:19–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmpp.2013.07.001
Graeve M, Kattner G, Wiencke C, Karsten U (2002) Fatty acid composition of Arctic and Antarctic macroalgae: Indicator of phylogenetic and trophic relationships. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 231:67–74. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps231067
Graham MH (2004) Effects of local deforestation on the diversity and structure of Southern California giant kelp forest food webs. Ecosystems 7:341–357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-003-0245-6
Harrison PJ, Hurd CL (2001) Nutrient physiology of seaweeds: application of concepts to aquaculture. Cah Biol Mar 42(1–2):71–82
Heo SJ, Yoon WJ, Kim KN, Ahn GN, Kang SM, Kang DH, Affan A, Oh C, Jung WK, Jeon YJ (2010) Evaluation of anti-inflammatory effect of fucoxanthin isolated from brown algae in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Food Chem Toxicol 48:2045–2051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.05.003
Higashimura Y, Naito Y, Takagi T, Mizushima K, Hirai Y, Harusato A, Ohnogi H, Yamaji R, Inui H, Nakano Y (2013) Oligosaccharides from agar inhibit murine intestinal inflammation through the induction of heme oxygenase-1 expression. J Gastroenterol 48:897–909. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00535-012-0719-4
Holdt SL, Kraan S (2011) Bioactive compounds in seaweed: functional food applications and legislation. J Appl Phycol 23(3):543–597. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-010-9632-5
Hoppe HA (1979) Marine algae and their products and constituents in pharmacy. In: Marine algae in pharmaceutical science. Springer, New York, pp 25–119
Hurd CL, Harrison PJ, Bischof K, Lobban CS (2014) Seaweed ecology and physiology. Cambridge University Press, New York. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139192637
Imbs TI, Skriptsova AV, Zvyagintseva TN (2014) Antioxidant activity of fucose-containing sulphated polysaccharides obtained from Fucus evanescens by different extraction methods. J Appl Phycol 27:545–553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-014-0293-7
Imenez-Escrig A, Sánchez-Muniz FJ (2000) Dietary fibre from edible seaweeds: Chemical structure, physicochemical properties and effects on cholesterol metabolism. Nutr Res 20:585–588. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0271-5317(00)00149-4
Imeson A (2009) In: Imeson A (ed) Food stabilisers, thickeners and gelling agents. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford
Jin M, Liu H, Hou Y, Chan Z, Di W, Li L, Zeng R (2017) Preparation, characterization and alcoholic liver injury protective effects of algal oligosaccharides from Gracilaria lemaneiformis. Food Res Int 100:186–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2017.08.032
Kadam SU, Tiwari BK, O’Donnell CP (2013) Application of novel extraction technologies for bioactives from marine algae. J Agric Food Chem 61:4667–4675. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf400819p
Kadam SU, Tiwari BK, O’Donnell CP (2015) Extraction, structure and biofunctional activities of laminarin from brown algae. Int J Food Sci Technol 50:24–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.12692
Kapil U (2007) Health consequences of iodine deficiency. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 7(3):267–272
Khotimchenko SV (1993) Fatty acids of green macrophytic algae from the sea of Japan. Phytochemistry 32:1203–1207. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)95092-1
Khotimchenko SV (1998) Fatty acids of brown algae from the Russian Far East. Phytochemistry 49:2363–2369
Khotimchenko SV, Vaskovsky VE, Titlyanova TV (2002) Fatty acids of marine algae from the pacific coast of North California. Bot Mar 45:17–22. https://doi.org/10.1515/BOT.2002.003
Kim SK, Kong CS (2010) Anti-adipogenic effect of dioxinodehydroeckol via AMPK activation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Chem Biol Interact 186:24–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2010.04.003
Koh HS, Lu J, Zhou W (2020) Structural dependence of sulfated polysaccharide for iabetes management: Fucoidan from Undaria pinnatifida inhibiting α-glucosidase more strongly than α-amylase and amyloglucosidase. Front Pharmacol 11:831. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00831
Kolanjinathan K, Ganesh P, Saranraj P (2014) Pharmacological importance of seaweeds: a Review. World J Fish Marine Sci 6:1–15. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.wjfms.2014.06.01.76195
Kumari P, Bijo AJ, Mantri VA, Reddy CRK, Jha B (2013) Fatty acid profiling of tropical marine macroalgae: An analysis from chemotaxonomic and nutritional perspectives. Phytochemistry 86:44–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem
Kumari P, Kumar M, Gupta V, Reddy CRK, Jha B (2010) Tropical marine macroalgae as potential sources of nutritionally important PUFAs. Food Chem 120:749–757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.11.006
Lazarus JH, Smyth PP (2008) Iodine deficiency in the UK and Ireland. Lancet 372(9642):888. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61390-2
Le B, Golokhvast KS, Yang SH, Sun S (2019) Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Ulva pertusa and evaluation of their antioxidant activity. Antioxidants 8(5):129. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8050129
Lin J, Huang L, Yu J, Xiang S, Wang J, Zhang J, Yan X, Cui W, He S, Wang Q (2016) Fucoxanthin, a marine carotenoid, reverses scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments in mice and inhibits acetylcholinesterase in vitro. Mar Drugs 14(4):67. https://doi.org/10.3390/md14040067
Liu J, Hafting J, Critchley AT, Banskota AH, Prithiviraj B (2013) Components of the cultivated red seaweed Chondrus crispus enhance the immune response of Caenorhabditis elegans to Pseudomonas aeruginosa through the pmk-1, daf-2/daf-16, and skn-1 pathways. Appl Environ Microbiol 79:7343–7350. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01927-13
Liu QM, Xu SS, Li L, Pan TM, Shi CL, Liu H, Cao MJ, Su WJ, Liu GM (2017) In vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory activity of sulfated polysaccharide from Porphyra haitanensis. Carbohydr Polym 165:189–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.02.032
Liu W-C, Zhou S-H, Balamuralikrishnan B, Zeng F-Y, Sun C-B, Pang H-Y (2020) Dietary seaweed (Enteromorpha) polysaccharides improves growth performance involved in regulation of immune responses, intestinal morphology and microbial community in banana shrimp Fenneropenaeus merguiensis. Fish Shellfish Immunol 104:202–212
Lu J, Shi KK, Chen S, Wang J, Hassouna A, White LN, Merien F, Xie M, Kong Q, Li J, Ying T (2018) Fucoidan extracted from the New Zealand Undaria pinnatifida-physicochemical comparison against five other fucoidans: Unique low molecular weight fraction bioactivity in breast cancer cell lines. Mar Drugs 16(12):461. https://doi.org/10.3390/md16120461
Mac Artain P, Gill CI, Brooks M, Campbell R, Rowland IR (2007) Nutritional value of edible seaweeds. Nutr Rev 65(12 Pt 1):535–543. https://doi.org/10.1301/nr.2007
Maeda H, Hosokawa M, Sashima T, Funayama K, Miyashita K (2005) Fucoxanthin from edible seaweed, Undaria pinnatifida, shows antiobesity effect through UCP1 expression in white adipose tissues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 332:392–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.02.032
Mandal P, Mateu CG, Chattopadhyay K, Pujol CA, Damonte EB, Ray B (2007) Structural features and antiviral activity of sulphated fucans from the brown seaweed Cystoseira indica. Antivir Chem Chemother 18:153–162. https://doi.org/10.1177/095632020701800305
Marinho-Soriano E, Bourret E (2005) Polysaccharides from the red seaweed Gracilaria dura (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta). Bioresour Technol 96:379–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2004.04.012
Mazumder S, Ghosal PK, Pujol CA, Carlucci MJ, Damonte EB, Ray B (2002) Isolation, chemical investigation and antiviral activity of polysaccharides from Gracilaria corticata (Gracilariaceae, Rhodophyta). Int J Biol Macromol 31:87–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0141-8130(02)00070-3
Mercier L, Lafitte C, Borderies G, Briand X, Esquerré-Tugayé MT, Fournier J (2001) The algal polysaccharide carrageenans can act as an elicitor of plant defence. New Phytol 149:43–51. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00011.x
Mirzoyan N, Tal Y, Gross A (2010) Anaerobic digestion of sludge from intensive recirculating aquaculture systems: review. Aquaculture 306:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.05.028
Mise T, Ueda M, Yasumoto T (2011) Production of fucoxanthin-rich powder from Cladosiphon okamuranus. Adv J Food Sci Technol 3:73–76
Mohammed NA, Choi JS, Lee MC, Kim E, Nam TJ, Fujii H (2008) Anti-inflammatory activities of methanol extracts from various seaweed species. J Environ Biol 29:465–469
Morgan RF (2011) A new journal for the torrid zone. J Trop Psychol 1(1):1. https://doi.org/10.1375/jtp.1.1.1
Murray M, Dordevic AL, Ryan L, Bonham MP (2018) The impact of a single dose of a polyphenol-rich seaweed extract on postprandial glycaemic control in healthy adults: a randomised cross-over trial. Nutrients 10:270. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10030270
Mustafa A, Sammut J (2010) Dominant factors affecting seaweed (Gracilaria verrucosa) production in acid sulfate soils-affected ponds of Luwu Regency. Indonesia Indonesian Aquac J 5(2):147–162. https://doi.org/10.15578/iaj.5.2.2010.147-162
National Geographic Society (2017) National geographic encyclopedia
Ohta T, Sasaki S, Oohori T, Yoshikawa S, Kurihara H (2002) β Glucosidase inhibitory activity of a 70% methanol extract from ezoishige (Pelvetia babingtonii de Toni) and its effect on the elevation of blood glucose level in rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 66:1552–1554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.07.002
Peng J, Yuan JP, Wu CF, Wang JH (2011) Fucoxanthin, a marine carotenoid present in brown seaweeds and diatoms: metabolism and bioactivities relevant to human health. Mar Drugs 9(10):1806–1828. https://doi.org/10.3390/md9101806
Pereira L, Mesquita JF (2003) Carrageenophytes of occidental Portuguese coast: 1-spectroscopic analysis in eight carrageenophytes from Buarcos bay. Biomol Eng 20:217–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1389-0344(03)00056-x
Pereira R, Yarish C (2008) Mass production of marine macroalgae. In: Encyclopedia of ecology. Springer, New York, pp 2236–2247. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008045405-4.00066-5
Perini V, Bracken ME (2014) Nitrogen availability limits phosphorus uptake in an intertidal macroalga. Oecologia 175(2):667–676. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-014-2914-x
Pigmen K, Yip WH, Lim SJ, Mustapha WAW, Maskat MY, Said M, Pigmen K (2014) Characterisation and stability of pigments extracted from Sargassum binderi obtained from Semporna, Sabah. Sains Malays 43:1345–1354
Poupard N, Badarou P, Fasani F, Groult H, Bridiau N, Sannier F, Bordenave-Juchereau S, Kieda C, Piot JM, Grillon C (2017) Assessment of heparanase-mediated angiogenesis using microvascular endothelial cells: Identification of carrageenan derivative as a potent anti angiogenic agent. Mar Drugs 15:134. https://doi.org/10.3390/md15050134
Rajapakse N, Kim SK (2011) Nutritional and digestive health benefits of seaweed. Adv Food Nutr Res 64:17–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387669-0.00002-8
Rasyid A (2017) Evaluation of nutritional composition of the dried seaweed Ulva lactuca from Pameungpeuk waters. Indonesia Trop Life Sci Res 28(2):119–125. https://doi.org/10.21315/tlsr2017.28.2.9
Reddy P, Urban S (2009) Meroditerpenoids from the southern Australian marine brown alga Sargassum fallax. Phytochemistry 70:250–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.12.007
Rioux LE, Turgeon SL, Beaulieu M (2010) Structural characterization of laminaran and galactofucan extracted from the brown seaweed Saccharina longicruris. Phytochemistry 71:1586–1595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.05
Roleda MY, Hurd CL (2019) Seaweed nutrient physiology: application of concepts to aquaculture and bioremediation. Phycologia 58(5):552–562. https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2019.1622920
Rosemary T, Arulkumar A, Paramasivam S, Mondragon-Portocarrero A, Miranda JM (2019) Biochemical, micronutrient and physicochemical properties of the dried red seaweeds Gracilaria edulis and Gracilaria corticata. Molecules 24(12):2225. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24122225
Salehi B, Sharifi-Rad J, Seca AM, Pinto DC, Michalak I, Trincone A, Mishra AP, Nigam M, Zam W, Martins N (2019) Current trends on seaweeds: Looking at chemical composition, phytopharmacology, and cosmetic applications. Molecules 24(22):4182. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24224182
Sangha JS, Khan W, Ji X, Zhang J, AAS M, Critchley AT, Prithiviraj B (2011) Carrageenans, sulphated polysaccharides of red seaweeds, differentially affect Arabidopsis thaliana resistance to Trichoplusia ni (Cabbage Looper). PLoS One 6:e26834
Sanniyasi E, Venkatasubramanian G, Anbalagan MM, Raj PP, Gopal RK (2019) In vitro anti-HIV-1 activity of the bioactive compound extracted and purified from two different marine macroalgae (seaweeds) (Dictyota bartayesiana J V Lamouroux and Turbinaria decurrens Bory). Sci Rep 9(1):12185. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47917-8
Sattanathan G, Tamizhazhagan V, Padmapriya S, Liu W-C, Balamuralikrishnan B (2020a) Effect of Green Algae Chaetomorpha antennina Extract on Growth, Modulate Immunity, and Defenses against Edwardsiella tarda Infection in Labeo rohita. Animals 10:2033
Sattanathan G, Thanapal P, Padmapriya S, Vijaya Anand A, Sungkwon P, Kim IH, Balamuralikrishnan B (2020b) Influences of dietary inclusion of algae Chaetomporpha aerea enhanced growth performance, immunity, haematological response and disease resistance of Labeo rohita challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. Aquac Rep 17:100353
Sekar S, Chandramohan M (2008) Phycobiliproteins as a commodity: Trends in applied research, patents and commercialization. J Appl Phycol 20:113–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-007-9188-1
Sheath RG (1984) The biology of freshwater red algae. Progress Phycol Res 3:89–157
Shukla PS, Borza T, Critchley AT, Prithiviraj B (2016) Carrageenans from red seaweeds as promoters of growth and elicitors of defense response in plants. Front Mar Sci 3:1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00081
Smit A (2004) Medicinal and pharmaceutical uses of seaweed natural products: A review. J Appl Phycol 16:245–262. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JAPH.0000047783.36600.ef
Smyth P, Burns R, Casey M, Mullan K, O’Herlihy C, O’Dowd C (2016) Iodine status over two decades: influence of seaweed exposure. Ir Med J 109(6):421
Smyth PPA (2021) Iodine, seaweed and the thyroid. European Thyroid J 10:101–108. https://doi.org/10.1159/000512971
Souza MP, Vaz AFM, Costa TB, Cerqueira MA, De Castro CMMB, Vicente AA, Carneiro-da-Cunha MG (2018) Construction of a biocompatible and antioxidant multilayer coating by layer-by-layer assembly of carrageenan and quercetin nanoparticles. Food Bioproc Tech 11:1050–1060. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10030256
Suo R, Wang Q (1992) Laminaria culture in China. INFO Fish Int 1(92):40–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670262.2017.1365175
Talarico LB, Zibetti RGM, Faria PCS, Scolaro LA, Duarte MER, Noseda MD, Pujol CA, Damonte EB (2004) Anti-herpes simplex virus activity of sulfated galactans from the red seaweeds Gymnogongrus griffthsiae and Cryptonemia crenulata. Int J Biol Macromol 34:63–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2004.03.002
Thiel M, Macaya EC, Acuña E (2007) The humboldt current system of Northern-central Chile: oceanographic processes, ecological interactions and socioeconomic feedback. Oceanogr Mar Biol Annu Rev 45:195–344. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420050943.ch6
Townsend DW (2012) Oceanography and marine biology: An introduction to marine science. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Ugarte R, Sharp G (2011) Management and production of the brown algae Ascophyllum nodosum in the Canadian maritimes. J Appl Phycol 24:409–416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-011-9753-5
Usov AI (2011) Polysaccharides of the red algae. In: Advances in carbohydrate chemistry and biochemistry, vol 65. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 115–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385520-6.00004-2
Vanderlei DSO, IWF DA, ALG Q, Fontes BP, YRG E, JAG R, AARE S, Chaves HV, Jorge RJB, De Menezes DB (2011) The involvement of the HO-1 pathway in the anti-inflammatory action of a sulfated polysaccharide isolated from the red seaweed Gracilaria birdiae. Inflamm Res 60:1121–1130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-011-0376-8
Venkatesan J, Lowe B, Anil S, Manivasagan P, Kheraif AAA, Kang KH, Kim SK (2015) Seaweed polysaccharides and their potential biomedical applications. Starch/Staerke 67:381–390. https://doi.org/10.1002/star.201400127
Villanueva RD, Sousa AMM, Gonçalves MP, Nilsson M, Hilliou L (2010) Production and properties of agar from the invasive marine alga, Gracilaria vermiculophylla (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta). J Appl Phycol 22:211–220. https://doi.org/10.1002/star.201400127
Wijesekara I, Pangestuti R, Kim SK (2011) Biological activities and potential health benefits of sulphated polysaccharides derived from marine algae. Carbohydr Polym 84:14–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.10.062
Wijesinghe WAJP, Jeon Y (2012) Biological activities and potential industrial applications of fucose rich sulphated polysaccharides and fucoidans isolated from brown seaweeds: A review. Carbohydr Polym 88:13–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.12.029
Wilson M (2016) The Caribbean environment for CSEC geography. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Wiltshire KH, Tanner JE, Gurgel CFD, Deveney MR (2015) Feasibility study for integrated multitrophic aquaculture in southern Australia. Report to the Fisheries Research & Development Corporation; SARDI, Adelaide
Wolf BW, Lai CS, Kipnes MS, Ataya DG, Wheeler KB, Zinker BA, Garleb KA, Firkins JL (2002) Glycemic and insulinemic responses of nondiabetic healthy adult subjects to an experimental acid-induced viscosity complex incorporated into a glucose beverage. Nutrition 18:621–626. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0899-9007(02)00750-5
Yan X, Chuda Y, Suzuki M, Nagata T (1999) Fucoxanthin as the major antioxidant in hijikia fusiformis, a common edible seaweed. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 63:605–607. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.63.605
Yuan H, Song J, Li X, Li N, Dai J (2006) Immunomodulation and antitumor activity of carrageenan oligosaccharides. Cancer Lett 243:228–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2005.11.032
Zaporozhets TS, Besednova NN, Kuznetsova TA, Zvyagintseva TN, Makarenkova ID, Kryzhanovsky SP, Melnikov VG (2014) The prebiotic potential of polysaccharides and extracts of seaweeds. Russ J Mar Biol 40:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063074014010106
Zhao Y, Zheng Y, Wang J, Ma S, Yu Y, White WL, Yang S, Yang F, Lu J (2018) Fucoidan extracted from Undaria pinnatifida: Source for nutraceuticals/functional foods. Mar Drugs 16(9):321. https://doi.org/10.3390/md16090321
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Thangavelu, S. et al. (2022). Production, Maintenance and Benefits of Seaweeds in Tropical Regions. In: Balasubramanian, B., Liu, WC., Sattanathan, G. (eds) Aquaculture Science and Engineering. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0817-0_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0817-0_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-19-0816-3
Online ISBN: 978-981-19-0817-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)