Abstract
Phycobiliproteins are a group of colored proteins commonly present in cyanobacteria and red algae possessing a spectrum of applications. They are extensively commercialized for fluorescent applications in clinical and immunological analysis. They are also used as a colorant, and their therapeutic value has also been categorically demonstrated. However, a comprehensive knowledge and technological base for augmenting their commercial utilities is lacking. Hence, this work is focused towards this objective by means of analyzing global patents and commercial activities with application oriented research. Strategic mining of patents was performed from global patent databases resulting in the identification of 297 patents on phycobiliproteins. The majority of the patents are from USA, Japan and Europe. Patents are grouped into fluorescent applications, general applications and production aspects of phycobiliproteins and the features of each group are discussed. Commercial and applied research activities are compared in parallel. It revealed that US patents are mostly related to fluorescent applications while Japanese are on the production, purification and application for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. Fluorescent applications are well represented in research, patents and commercial sectors. Biomedical properties documented in research and patents are not ventured commercially. Several novel applications are reported only in patents. The paper further pinpoints the plethora of techniques used for cell breakage and for extraction and purification of phycobiliproteins. The analysis identifies the lacuna and suggests means for improvements in the application and production of phycobiliproteins.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allnut FCT, Toole C (2001) Recombinant phycobiliprotein and phycobiliprotein linker fusion proteins and uses therefore. WO Patent 0196871, 20 December 2001
Anderson P, Vivier E (1998) Natural killer cell-specific antigen and antibodies that identify the same. US Patent 5,786,160, 28 July 1998
Ansorge W, Voss H, Stegemann J, Wiemann S (1999) Simultaneous sequencing of nucleic acids. US Patent 5,976,802, 2 November 1999
Asgari M, Blick M, Bresser J, Cubbage ML, Prashad N (1998) Enriching and identifying fetal cells in maternal blood for in situ hybridization on a solid surface. US Patent 5,766,843, 16 June 1998
Asgari M, Blick M, Bresser J, Cubbage ML, Prashad N (1999a) Amplification of mRNA for distinguishing fetal cells in maternal blood. US Patent 5,858,649, 12 January 1999
Asgari M, Blick M, Bresser J, Cubbage ML, Prashad N (1999b) Intracellular antigens for identifying fetal cells in maternal blood. US Patent 5,861,253, 19 January 1999
Auer J, Sprenger R, Honold K (2001) Positive-negative selection for homologous recombination. US Patent 6,284,541, 4 September 2001
Babu BR, Rastogi NK, Raghavarao MS (2006) Mass transfer in osmotic membrane distillation of phycocyanin colourant and sweet lime juice. J Mem Sci 212:58–69
Bach BA, Warner NL, Jackson A (1992) Detecting immunological changes in HIV infected patient samples. US Patent 5,156,951, 20 October 1992
Bao G, Tsourkas A, Xu Y (2006) Dual resonance energy transfer nucleic acid probes. US Patent 7,081,336, 25 July 2006
Batra SK, Brand RE, Ringel J, Faulmann G, Lohr M, Varshney GC (2006) MUCIN 4 expression as a marker for pancreatic cancer. US Patent 7,052,859, 30 May 2006
Becker M, Stubbs MT, Huber R (1998) Crystallization of phycoerythrin 545 of Rhodomonas lens using detergents and on usual additivies. Protein Sci 7:580–586
Beckman KB, Mancebo R (2003) Methods and compositions for the manufacture of molecular beacons. US Patent 6,548,254, 15 April 2003
Bei H, Guang-Ce W, Chen-Kul Z et al (2002) The experimental research of R- phycoerythrin subunits on cancer treatment - A new photosensitizer in PDT. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 17(1):35–42
Benedetti S, Benvenuti F, Pagliarani S et al (2004) Antioxidant properties of a novel phycocyanin extract from the blue-green alga Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. Life Sci 75:2353–2362
Bennett A, Bogorad L (1971) Properties of subunits and aggregates of blue green algal biliproteins. Biochemistry 10:3625–3634
Berend H, Fu SW, Tsuji T, Sakata T, Hamaguchi Y (1999) Method for classifying and counting erythroblast JP. Patent 326323, 26 November 1999
Bermejo R, Felipe MA, Talaver EM et al (2006) Expanded bed adsorption chromatography for recovery of phycocyanin from the microalga Spirulina platensis. Chromatographia 63:59–66
Bernasconi P, Carpenter RD, Powell GK, Petrovich RM, White KA, Hunt JA (2003) Parallel high throughput method and kit. US Patent 6,586,190, 1 July 2003
Bhaskar US, Gopalswamy G, Raghu R (2005) A simple method for efficient extraction and purification of C-Phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis Geitler. Ind J Exp Biol 43:277–279
Bhat VB, Madyastha KM (2000) C-phycocyanin : a potent peroxyl radial scavenger in vivo and in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 275(1):20–25
Bianchi DW, Weinschenk N (1998) Diagnostic blood test to identify infants at risk for sepsis. US Patent 5,830,679, 3 November 1998
Bieniarz C, Young DF, Cornwell MJ, Husain M (1998) Phosphatase activated crosslinking, conjugating and reducing agents; methods of using such agents; and reagents comprising phosphatase activated crosslinking and conjugating agents. US Patent 5,736,624, 7 April 1998
Block C, Mittmann K (2005) Eukaryotic cells expressing phycocyanin. WO. Patent 2005093040, 6 October 2005
Bogan JS, Lodish HF (2003) Method of measuring plasma membrane targeting of GLUT4. US Patent 6,632,924, 14 October 2003
Bolton WE, Koester SK (1999) Method for distinguishing viable, early apoptotic, late apoptotic, and necrotic cells. US Patent 5,945,291, 31 August 1999
Boratyn DC (2000) Compositions and methods relating to intra-lamellar gels from algae. US Patent 6,136,329, 24 October 2000
Borowitzka MA (1995) Microalgae as sources of pharmaceuticals and other biologically active compounds. J Appl Phycol 7:3–15
Boussiba S (1991) Nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria potential uses. Plant Soil 137:177–180
Boussiba S, Richmond AE (1979) Isolation and characterization of phycocyanins from the blue-green alga Spirulina platensis. Arch Microbiol 120:155–159
Bredehorst R, Talebian A, Hammer CF, Vogel Carl-Wilhelm (1988) Detectably labeled cephalosporin assay for β-lactamase. US Patent 4,764,462, 16 August 1988
Bright SW, Gold G, Sage SW, Sportsman JR (1995) Immunoassays for insulin sensitivity enhancers, insulin sensitivity enhancer antibodies, and non-thiazolidinedione insulin sensitivity enhancer compositions. US Patent 5,466,610, 14 November 1995
Britschgi TB, Cangelosi GA (1998) Rapid and sensitive detection of antibiotic-resistant mycobacteria using oligonucleotide probes specific for ribosomal RNA precursors. US Patent 5,712,095, 27 January 1998
Bryan B (1999) Bioluminescent novelty items. US Patent 5,876,995, 2 March 1999
Bryan B (2000a) Bioluminescent novelty items. US Patent 6,113,886, 5 September 2000
Bryan B (2000b) Bioluminescent novelty items. US Patent 6,152,358, 28 November 2000
Bryan BJ, Szent-Gyorgyi C (2001) Luciferases, fluorescent proteins, nucleic acids encoding the luciferases and fluorescent proteins and the use thereof in diagnostics, high throughput screening and novelty items. US Patent 6,232,107, 15 May 2001
Bryant DA, Glazer AN, Eiserling FA (1976) Characterization and structural properties of the major biliproteins of Anabaena sp. Arch Microbiol 110:61–75
Bryant DA, Guglielmi G, Tandeau de Marsac N et al (1979) The structure of cyanobacterial phycobilisomes: a model. Arch Microbiol 123:113–127
Burgess RR, Arthur TM, Anthony LC, Bergendahl V, Pietz BC (2003) Sigma binding region of RNA polymerase and uses thereof. US Patent 6,613,531, 2 September 2003
Buzby JS, Porter RD, Stevens Jr. SE (1990) Biphasic shuttle vectors. US Patent 4,956,280, 11 September 1990
Campanella L, Crescentini G, Avino P et al (2000) Simple and rapid procedure for analyzing for phycocyanin (C-PC and APC) from Spirulina platensis algal using LPLC and HPLC methods. Ann Chim 90:153–161
Chan JLW (1987) Fluorescent energy transfer with phycobiliproteins. US Patent 4,666,862, 19 May 1987
Chan GWK, Hertzberg RP (2004) Fluorescent lanthanide chelates. US Patent 6,740,756, 25 May 2004
Chang TW (1993a) Methods for selecting low frequency antigen-specific single B lymphocytes. US Patent 5,213,960, 25 May 1993
Chang TW (1993b) Selecting low frequency antigen-specific single B lymphocytes with correction for background noise. US Patent 5,256,542, 26 October 1993
Chang TW (1994) Selecting low frequency antigen-specific single B lymphocytes. US Patent 5,326,696, 5 July 1994
Chen B, Wang J (2005) Separating and purifying technology for micro algae phycoerythrin. CN Patent 1587275, 2 March 2005
Chen F, Zhang Y, Guo S (1996) Growth and phycocyanin formation of Spirulina platensis in photoheterotropic culture. Biotechnol Lett 18(5):603–608
Chen Fu-Tai A (1996) Homogeneous immunoassays and enzyme based assays of analytes using capillary electrophoresis US Patent 5,571,680, 5 November 1996
Chen Fu-Tai A (1999) Simultaneous analysis of analytes by immunoassay using capillary electophoresis with laser induced fluorescence. US Patent 5,863,401, 26 January 1999
Chernov AA, Minkova KM (1995) Method for purification of B-Phycoerythrin. BG Patent 96440, 31 May 1995
Chiang YM, Chou HN (1994) Process for preparing phycoerythrin from Bangia atropurpurea and Porphyra angusta. US Patent 5,358,858, 25 October 1994
Chiang YM, Chou HN (2004a) Method of Galaxaura oblongata for producing high OD phycoerythrin TW. Patent 222463B, 21 October 2004
Chiang YM, Chou HN (2004b) Method of Halymenia ceylanica for producing high OD phycoerythrin. TW. Patent 222999B, 1 November 2004
Chiang YM, Chou HN (2004c) Method of Helminthocladia australis for producing high OD phycoerythrin. TW. Patent 224135B, 21 November 2004
Chiang YM, Chou HN (2004d) Method of Porphyra dentata for producing high OD phycoerythrin TW. Patent 223000B, 21 November 2004
Chiang YM, Chou HN, Jen JM, Ru CI (2004) Apparatus for producing phycoerythrin with high absorptivity. JP Patent 166704, 17 June 2004
Christian CN (1987) Laminated rod having alternating detection and spacer layers for binding assays. US Patent 4,708,931, 24 November 1987
Chueh CC (2002) Method of allophycocyanin inhibition of enterovirus and influenza virus reproduction resulting in cytopathic effect. US Patent 6,346,408, 12 February 2002
Cohen RL, Gardiner MB, Sliwkowski MX, Stelzer GT (2003) Tissue analysis and kits therefor. US Patent 6,573,043, 3 June 2003
Connelly MC, Chakraborty UR, Brooks Jr HG (1997) Cell fixative and method of analyzing virally infected cells. US Patent 5,597,688, 28 January 1997
Corine MC, Dominique M (1993) Orange-red dye extracted from red alga - useful as colourant and immuno-fluorescence label. FR Patent 2690452, 29 October 1993
Cubbage ML, Bresser J, Blick M, Ju SC (1996) Analogues of reporter groups as background reducers in hybridization assays. US Patent 5,501,952, 26 March 1996
Cubbage ML, Bresser J, Blick M, Ju SC (1997) Analogues of reporter groups as background reducers in binding assays. US Patent 5,652,093, 29 July 1997
Cubicciotti RS (1997) Phycobilisomes, derivatives, and uses therefor. US Patent 5,695,990, 9 December 1997
Cubicciotti RS (2002) Modified phycobilisomes and uses therefore. US Patent 6,342,389, 29 January 2002
Darzynkiewicz Z, Traganos F, Juan G, Gruenwald S (2004) Flow cytometric methods for the concurrent detection of discrete functional conformations of PRB in single cells. US Patent 6,821,740, 23 November 2004
Dattagupta N, Crothers DM (1987) Fast photochemical method of labelling nucleic acids for detection purposes in hybridization assays. CA Patent 1222705, 6 September 1987
Dattagupta N, Crothers DM (1988) Fast photochemical method of labelling nucleic acids for detection purposes in hybridization assays. US Patent 4,737,454, 12 April 1988
Dattagupta N, Crothors DM (1990) Fast photochemical method of labeling nucleic acids for detection purposes in hybridization assays. US Patent 4,959,309, 25 September 1990
Davis KA, Bishop JE (1996) Determination of the number of phycoerythrin molecules on calibration beads for flow cytometry. EP Patent 0735360, 2 October 1996
Davis KA, Bishop JE (1997) Determination of the number of fluorescent molecules on calibration beads for flow cytometry. US Patent 5,620,842, 15 April 1997
Davis KA, Ward AJ (1999) Preservation of cells as controls or standards in cellular analysis. US Patent 6,008,052, 28 December 1999
Davis K, Jayasena S, Gold L (1998) Use of nucleic acid ligands in flow cytometry. US Patent 5,853,984, 29 December 1998
Davis KA, Bishop JE, Abrams B (2000) Chromophores useful for the preparation of novel tandem conjugates. US Patent 6,133,429, 17 October 2000
Davis KA, Abrams B, Bishop JA (2002) Chromophores in the preparation of novel tandem conjugates. US Patent 6,372,445, 16 April 2002
Daziano JP, van Agthoven A (2004) Packaging for photosensitive dyes. US Patent 6,686,004, 3 February 2004
De Rosa SC, Brenchley JM, Roederer M (2003) Beyond six colours : a new era in flow cytometry. Nat Med 9:112–117
Dean FB, Lasken RS, Fang L, Faruqi A, Fawad, Alsmadi OA, Driscoll MD, Hosono S (2005) Multiple displacement amplification. US Patent 6,977,148, 20 December 2005
Dellinger DJ, Dahm SAC, Ilsley DD, Ach RA, Troll MA (2000a) Hybridization assay signal enhancement. US Patent 6,103,474, 15 August 2000
Dellinger DJ, Dahm SAC, Troll MA (2000b) Signal enhancement method and kit. US Patent 6,110,682, 29August 2000
Desjardins C, Slon-Usakiewicz J, Bonter KJ (2004a) Fluorescent motilin peptides. US Patent 6,677,430, 13 January 2004
Desjardins C, Slon-Usakiewicz J, Bonter KJ (2004b) Fluorescent CRF receptor-binding peptides. US Patent 6,680,367, 20 January 2004
Desjardins C, Slon-Usakievicz J, Beaudet A (2004c) Fluorescent substance P. US Patent 6,815,423, 9 November 2004
Desjardins C, Slon-Usakievicz J, Beaudet A (2004d) Fluorescent vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). US Patent 6,821,952, 23 November 2004
Desjardins C, Slon-Usakiewicz J, Bonter KJ (2006) Fluorescent bombesin-like peptides. US Patent 7,041,642, 9 May 2006
Di Cesare JL (1998) Fluorescence detection assay for homogeneous PCR hybridization systems. US Patent 5,716,784, 10 February 1998
Doke MJ Jr (2005) An improved and efficient method for the extraction of phycocyanin from Spirulina sp. Inter J Food Engin 1(5):1–11
Dolbeare FA, Gray JW (1989) Flow cytomeric measurement of DNA and incorporated nucleoside analogs. US Patent 4,812,394, 14 March 1989
Dufosse L, Galaup P, Yarnon A et al (2005) Microorganisms and microalgae as source of pigments for use: a scientific oddity or an industrial reality? Trends Food Sci Technol 16:389–406
Duke-Cohan JS, Morimoto C, Schlossman SF (2001) Form of dipeptidylpeptidase IV (CD26) found in human serum, antibodies thereto, and uses thereof. US Patent 6,265,551, 24 July 2001
Dupre C, Guary JC, Grizeau D (1995) Culture of an autoflocculent microalga in a vertical tubular photobioreactor for phycoerythrin production. Biotechnol Techn 9(3):185–190
Esser MT, Opalka DW, Goetz V, Drummond JE, Washabaugh MW (2006) Human papillomavirus multiplexed assay. US Patent 7,067,258, 27 June 2006
Eto M (2001) Method for producing blue colouring matter from Spirulina. JP Patent 190244, 17 July 2001
Faure Marie-Pierre, Vincent Jean-Pierre, Gaudriault G, Beaudet A, Desjardins C (2000) Fluorescent peptides. US Patent 6,054,557, 25 April 2000
Ferguson-Smith MA, Wienberg JF, Muller S (2001) Methods for detecting chromosomal aberrations using chromosome-specific paint probes. US Patent 6,270,971, 7 August 2001
Finkelman FD, Morris SC (2004) Methods for measuring in vivo cytokine production. US Patent 6,824,986, 30 November 2004
Fujikawa N, Matsushima M (2006) Skin function-activating external preparation comprising natural blue pigment as active ingredient. JP Patent 036744, 9 Feburary 2006
Fukuda Y, Sekiya A, Sakakkibara M (2003) Method of extracting phycocyanin from blue-green algae. JP Patent 342489, 3 December 2003
Fukuda Y, Sekiya A, Sakakkibara M (2004) Method for purifying phycocyanin colouring matter liquid. JP Patent 027041, 29 January 2004
Fukuda Y, Sakakkibara M, Katabami T (2005) Method of purifying phycoerythrin pigment fluid. JP Patent 075851, 24 March 2005
Gantt E, Lipschuttz CA (1973) Energy transfer in phycobilisomes from phycoerythrin to allophycocyanin. Biochim Biophys Acta 292:858–861
Glabe C, Rodriguez W (2003) Fluorescent amyloid A. β peptides and uses thereof. US Patent 6,600,017, 29 July 2003
Glabe C, Rodriguez WG (2004) Fluorescent amyloid A. β peptides and uses thereof. US Patent 6,770,448, 3 August 2004
Glazer AN (1985) Light harvesting by phycobilisomes. Annu Rev Biophys Chem 14:47–77
Glazer AN (1989) Light Guides - Directional energy transfer in a photosynthetic antenna. J Cell Biol 264(5):1–4
Glazer AN (1994) Phycobiliproteins - a family of valuable, widely used flurophores. J Appl Phycol 6:105–112
Glazer AN, Cai Y (2003a) Multifunctional recombinant phycobiliprotein-based fluorescent constructs and phycobilisome display. US Patent 6,649,376, 18 November 2003
Glazer AN, Tooley A (2003b) Engineering of living cells for the expression of holo-phycobiliprotein-based constructs. WO Patent 03012448, 13 Feburary 2003
Glazer AN, Yuping C (2001) Multifunctional recombinant phycobiliprotein-based fluorescent constructs and phycobilisome display. WO Patent 0146395, 28 June 2001
Glazer AN, Tooley AJ, Cai Y (2004) Engineering of living cells for the expression of holo-phycobiliprotein-based constructs. US Patent 6,740,507, 25 May 2004
Gong X (2003) Fluorescent phycocyanin and fluorescent phycoerythrin and their application CN. Patent 1417228, 14 May 2003
Gong X, Zeng D (2003) Process of preparing strong fluorescent phycocyanin. CN. Patent 1417227, 14 May 2003
Gong Q, Gu D (2005) Method for preparing green light sensitive holographic photoluminescent polymer and holographic recording dry plate. CN Patent 1588231, 2 March 2005
Gonzalez R, Gonzalez A, Remirez D (2003) Protective effects of phycocyanin on galactosamine - induced hepatitis in rats. Biotecnol Aplicada 20:107–110
Gordeev KY (1996) Method for isolation of phycocyanin c of cells of cyanobacteria. RU Patent 2055842, 3 October 1996
Gupta RK (1998a) Method of preferential labelling of a phycobiliprotein with an aminereactive dye for use in a multiple colour assay and product for such use. US Patent 5,783,673, 21 July 1998
Gupta RK (1998b) Method of preferential labelling of phycobiliprotein with amine-reactive dye for use in a multiple colour assay. AU Patent 685062B, 15 January 1998
Gupta RK (1992) Method of preferential labelling of a phycobiliprotein with second dye for use in a multiple colour assay and product for such use. US Patent 5,171,846, 15 December 1992
Gupta RK (1993a) Method of preferential labelling of a phycobiliprotein with a second dye to enable multiple colour assay. WO Patent 9303062, 18 February 1993
Gupta RK (1993b) Method of preferential labelling of a phycobiliprotein with a second dye to enable multiple colour assay. CA Patent 2114837, 18 February 1993
Gupta RK (1993c) Method of preferential labelling of a phycobiliprotein with an amine-reactive dye for use in a multiple colour assay and product for such use. US Patent 5,272,257, 21 December 1993
Gupta RK (1994) Method of preferential labelling of phycobiliprotein with amine-reactive dye for use in a multiple colour assay. WO Patent 9405701, 17 March 1994
Gupta RK (1996) Method of preferential labelling of a phycobiliprotein with a second dye to enable multiple colour assay. AU Patent 665930B, 25 January 1996
Han KJ (2002) Hemolytic anemia testing method. JP Patent 257823, 11 September 2002
Hara I (2002) Method for culturing algae. JP Patent 315569, 29 October 2002
Hara I (2005) Algae pigment composition and method for producing the same. JP Patent 295829, 27 October 2005
Harasawa I, Suzuki Y, Igami M, Usuda K, Hosen H (1987) Novel plant growth regulator. JP Patent 000408, 6 January 1987
Harasawa I, Suzuki Y, Igami M (1991) Simplified apparatus and method for measuring quantity of ultraviolet radiation received. US Patent 5,075,557, 24 December 1991
Haugland RP, Haugland RP (2000) Energy transfer compositions comprising phycobiliproteins. WO Patent 0017650, 30 March 2000
Higgs TW (1990) Macromolecular Conjugate. JP Patent 035100, 5 February 1990
Hilerio FJ, Kirchanski SJ (1992) Material and method to reduce non-specific binding of a labelled material. US Patent 5,098,849, 24 March 1992
Hirabashi T, Kato T, Hayashi O, Osamu H (2004) Immunoglobulin a antibody production promoter. JP Patent 256478, 16 September 2004
Hirano M, Kaneko F, Nanba N (1997) Production of phycobiliprotein and/or fatty acid by photosynthetic algae. JP Patent 294596, 18 November 1997
Hoffman RA, Frey T (2001) Use of dimly fluorescing nucleic acid dyes in the identification of nucleated cells. US Patent 6,329,158, 11 December 2001
Houwen B, Wang F, Fujimoto H, Sakata T, Hamaguchi Y (2005a) Method for classifying and counting leukocytes. US Patent 6,900,023, 31 May 2005
Houwen B, Wang F, Tsuji T, Sakata T, Hamaguchi Y (2005b) Process for discriminating and counting erythroblasts. US Patent 6,911,313, 28 June 2005
Huff JB, Bieniarz C, Horng WJ (1997) Fluorescent polymer labeled conjugates and intermediates. US Patent 5,661,040, 26 August 1997
Iijima N, Fuji N, Shimamatsu S, Kato T (1983) Anti tumor agent. JP Patent 065216, 18 April 1983
Ikeda K, Toyoda K, Suzuki H (1995) Method of and kit for energy transfer immunoassay with colloidal particles. US Patent 5,434,088, 18 July 1995
Inuitakashi, Yamaguchi H, Oto T, Harada K, Sasaki A (2000) Method and apparatus for counting blue-green algae, algae and fine particle. JP Patent 338030, 8 December 2000
Ishii H, Kageyama H, Futami T, Inada Y (1994) Separation of pigment contained in blue-green alga. JP Patent 271783, 27 September 1994
Ishihara M, Ono K, Hattori H, Takeshita S (2000) Measuring method and measurement kit for sugar chain coupling physiological active material. JP Patent 009733, 14 January 2000
Jeffrey SW, Mantoura RFC (eds.) (1997) Phytoplankton pigments in oceanography: guidelines to modern methods. UNESCO, Paris.
Jiang Y (2004) Use and method for preparing high absorbance phycoerythrobilin using Helminthocladia. CN Patent 1521186, 18 August 2004
Jiang Y, Zhou H (2004a) High absorbency phycoerythrin production method using long-leaf laver and its application. CN Patent 1520718, 18 August 2004
Jiang Y, Zhou H (2004b) Use and method for preparing high absorbance phycoerythrobilin using pink Columnar galaxaura. CN. Patent 1521187 (18 August 2004)
Jiang Y, Zhou H (2004c) Use and method for preparing high absorbance phycoerythrobilin using H. ceylanica. CN Patent 1521185, 18 August 2004
Jin C, Liu Y (2000) Preparation method of phycocyanin. CN Patent 1268516, 4 October 2000
Jones CN, Meyler PJ, Jessop RA, Hatcher MJ, Page MK, Looker MR (2006) Fluorescence reference plate. US Patent 7,072,036, 4 July 2006
Jue Z (2005) Fluorescence labelling reagent containing B-phycoerythrin and its additive and its set. CN Patent 1657912, 24 August 2005
Jue Z, Jue Z (2004) Carrier used for carrying radiation substance and its use method. CN Patent 1478552, 3 March 2004
Kamb A, Feldhaus MJ (2000) Methods for measuring relative amounts of nucleic acids in a complex mixture and retrieval of specific sequences therefrom. US Patents 6,060,240, 9 May 2000
Kamoda F, Harasawa I (1988) Material for displaying quantity of received light. JP Patent 135476, 7 June 1988
Kao OHW, Edwards MR, Berns DS (1975) The physical chemical properties of C-phycocyanin inoculated from an acido-thermophilic eukaryote Cyanidium caldarium. Biochem J 147:63–70
Kaplan DR (2004) Methods for detecting an analyte of interest using catalyzed reporter deposition of tyramide. US Patent 6,828,109, 7 December 2004
Kathiresan S, Sarada R, Battacharya S et al (2006) Culture media optimization for growth and phycoeryhtrin production from Porphyridium purpureum. Biotechnol Bioeng 96(3):456–463
Kato T, Fukuda Y (1995) Production of natural red pigment. JP Patent 118555, 9 May 1995
Kato T, Nagatsuka S (1999) Algal pigment material and its production. JP Patent 299450, 2 November 1999
Kato T, Shimamatsu S (1981) Preparation of natural phycocyanin pigment. JP Patent 086958, 15 July 1981
Ke S, Suo Y (2005) Liver protecting health food. CN Patent 1633889, 6 July 2005
Keillar D (2003) Drink containing fluorescent agent. WO Patent 03099039, 4 December 2003
Kilpatrick KA (1985) The development of a method for measure marine cyanobacterial phycoerythrin extracted in solvents. Dissertation, Texas A M University
Kimura M (1995) Dyeing with phycocyanin. JP Patent 166480, 27 June 1995
Klaveness J, Fuglass B, Rongved P, Johannesen, Henrichs PM, Heinrich WH, Bacon ER, Toner JL, McIntire GL, Desai VC (2000) Light imaging contrast agents. US Patent 6,159,445, 12 December 2000
Klaveness J, Fuglass B, Rongved PI, Johnanneses E, Hendrichs PM, Gunther WHH, Bacon ER, Toner JL, McIntire GL, Desai VC (2003) Light imaging contrast agents. US Patent 6,540,981, 1 April 2003
Klaveness J, Fuglaas B, Rongved P, Johannesen E, Henrichs PM, Gunther WHH, Bacon ER, Toner JL, McIntire GL, Desai VC (2006) Light imaging contrast agents. US Patent 7,014,839, 21 March 2006
Knight TD, Del RRB (2002a) Phycoerythrin labeled thyronine analogues and assays using labeled analogues. US Patent 6,423,549, 23 July 2002
Knight TD, Del RRB (2002b) Phycoerythrin labeled thyronine analogues and assays using the labeled analogues. WO Patent 02073202, 19 September 2002
Koda Y, Okuda H (2004) Lipase activity inhibitor. JP Patent 359638, 24 December 2004
Koyano T, Kawate J (1988) Selective extraction of blue pigment from Cyanophyta. JP Patent 109787, 14 May 1988
Kronick MN, Grossman PD (1983) Immunoassay techniques with fluorescent phycobiliprotein conjugates. Clin Chem 29(9):1582–1588
Kumano M, Watanabe T, Kawamuru M, Nishie H (1987) Phycocyanin pigment from blue-green alga, production and use thereof. JP Patent 006691, 13 January 1987
Lagarias JC, Murphy JT (2000) Phytofluors as fluorescent labels. US Patent 6,046,014, 4 April 2000
Landay A (1992) CD44 as a marker for HIV infection. US Patent 5,108,904, 28 April 1992
Lanier L, Phillips J (1986) Method for monitoring activated cell subpopulations. US Patent 4,599,304, 8 July 1986
Lanier L, Warner NL (1986) Differentiation of natural killer cell subpopulations of cells. US Patent 4,607,007, 19August 1986
Lanier LL, Phillips JH, Jackson AL (1990) Identification of NK cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes. US Patent 4,895,796, 23 January 1990
Lebo RV (1997) Multicolour in situ hybridization methods for genetic testing. US Patents 5,665,540, 9 September 1997
Lehn JM, Roth CO, Mathis G (1995) Rare earth macrocyclic complexes and use thereof for reduction of disturbances in an assay using fluorescence. US Patent 5,457,184, 10 October 1995
Liu Z, Ding J (2001) Antiviral composite containing phycocyanin extract and extraction of phycocyanin. CN Patent 1281727, 31 January 2001
Liu Y, Shen Y (2005) Method for preparing phycocyanin from blue algae in water bloom. CN Patent 1563083, 12 January 2005
Lin J, Wilson CJ (1998) Method and apparatus for immunoassay using fluorescent induced surface plasma emission. US Patent 5,776,785, 7 July 1998
Liu Z, Zhu G (2002) Double marking method of ultra-long stoke shift by laser induced fluorescence and its measuring device. CN Patent 1382973, 4 December 2002
Liu Y, Xu L, Cheng N et al (2000) Inhibitory effect of phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis on the growth of human leukemia k562 cells. J Appl Phycol 12:125–130
Loken MR, Terstappen LWMM (1991) Method for analysis of cellular components of a fluid. US Patent 5,047,321, 10 September 1991
Loken MR, Civin CI, Shah VO (1992) Method to determine the composition of bone marrow samples. US Patent 5,137,809, 11 August 1992
Lone J, Lene DS, Karsten O et al (2005) Heat and light stability of three natural blue colourants for use in confectionery and beverages. Eur Food Res Technol 220(3–4):261–266
Lu C, Chiang Y (2005a) Process and device for preparing phycoerythrin with high OD ratio. EP Patent 1591518, 2 November 2005
Lu NL, Xiu LC, Xi YZ et al (2005b) One-step chromatography method for efficient separation and purification of R-Phycoerythrin from Polysiphonia urecolata. J Biotechnol 101(3):289–293
Lynch AS, Sanadi AR, Sivaraja M (2000) High throughput screening assays for nucleic acid ligase modulators. US Patent 6,153,384, 28 November 2000
Maeda M (2003) Method for culturing sea algae. JP Patent 092935, 2 April 2003
Maino VC, Janszen ME (1992) Monoclonal antibodies and their use in a method for monitoring subsets of activated T cells. US Patent 5,085,985, 4 February 1992
Mathis G (2000a) Phycobiliprotein-linker peptide complex fluorescent tracer and methods of using the same. US Patent 6,020,212, 1 February 2000
Mathis G (2000b) Use of a phycobiliprotein-binding peptide complex as a fluorescent tracer. GR Patent 3032423T, 31 May 2000
Mathis G, Dumont C, Aspe D, Foyentin M, Jolu EJ, Nuti D (1996) Method of amplifying the emission signal of a luminescent compound. US Patent 5,512,493, 30 April 1996
Mathis G, DuMont C, Jolu EJ (1997) Method of reducing interference in a fluorescent assay. US Patent 5,627,074, 6 May 1997
Mathis G, Trinquet E, Preaudat M (2004) Homogeneous method for detecting and/or determining phosphorylating activity in a biological material. US Patent 6,753,156, 22 June 2004
Matsunga T (1988) Increasing method for yield of phycocyanin. JP Patent 094990, 26 April 1988
Mauze GR, Yang DH (2005) Fluorescence immunoassays using organo-metallic complexes for energy transfer. US Patent 6,939,721, 6 September 2005
McNamara G, Soenksen D, Cabib D, Buckwald RA (1999) In situ method of analyzing cells. US Patent 6,007,996, 28 December 1999
Minkova KM, Tchernov AA, Tcharbadjieva MK et al (2003) Purification of C-phycocyanin from Spirulina (Arthrospira) fusiformis. J Biotechnol 102(1):55–59
Miyagawa K, Yamamotoyoichi, Chiba I (1989a) Production of natural red pigment and food. JP Patent 146961, 8 June 1989
Miyagawa K, Yamamotoyoichi, Chiba I (1989b) Production of phycocyanin-containing blue pigment from blue-green alga and cosmetic containing said pigment. JP Patent 123865, 16 May 1989
Miyazaki T, Asada M, Ohoshi T, Matsunga T (1994) Yield increase of phycocyanin. JP Patent 277075, 4 October 1994
Monji N, Cole CA (1993) Membrane affinity concentration immunoassay. US Patent 5,206,178, 27 April 1993
Monji N, Hoffman AS, Priest JH, Houghton RL (1988) Thermally induced phase separation immunoassay. US Patent 4,780,409, 25 October 1988
Morcos NC (1998) Anatomical imaging with phycocyanins. US Patent 5,807,536, 15 September 1998
Morcos NC, Henry WL (1989) Medical uses for phycocyanin. US Patent 4,886,831, 12 December 1989
Morcos NC, Henry WL (1992) Medical treatment of tumors with phycocyanin. US Patent 5,163,898, 17 November 1992
Moreno J, Rodriquez M, Vargas A et al (1995) Nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria as a source of phycobiliproteins pigments - composition and growth performance of ten filamentous herterocystous strains. J Appl Phycol 7:17–23
Morrison LE (1989) Lifetime-resolved assay procedures. US Patent 4,822,733, 18 April 1989
Morseman JP, Moss MW (2001) High fluorescent intensity cross-linked Allophycocyanin. WO Patent 0196383, 2 December 2001
Mozes E, Pecht I (1994) Assay for direct binding of peptides that are T-cell epitopes to MHC gene products on intact antigen-presenting cells and the use thereof for screening susceptibility of autoimmune diseases. US Patent 5,356,779, 18 October 1994
Muller UR (1998) Diagnostic methods and probes. US Patent 5,824,478, 20 October 1998
Myers J, Kratz WA (1955) Relations between pigment content and photosynthetic characteristics in a blue green alga. J Gen Physiol 39:11–22
Nagaoka Toshi, Otsuka A, Kato T (2003) Serum lipid-reducing agent. JP Patent 137805, 14 May 2003
Nagaoka S, Shimizu K, Kaneko H et al (2005) A novel protein C-phycocyanin plays a crucial role in the hypocholesterolemic action of Spirulina platensis concentrate in rats. J Nutr 135:2425–2430
Nakajima Y, Gototakayuki, Tsuzuki M, Fujiwara S (2003) Method for detecting bacterium belonging to genus Synechocystis and primer used for the same. JP Patent 235568, 26 August 2003
Nguyen Q, Song Y, (2006) Assay system for simultaneous detection and measurement of multiple modified cellular proteins. US Patent 7,049,151, 23 May 2006
Nova MP, Potash H, Xiao XY, Parandoosh Z, David GS (2001) Method for tagging and screening molecules. US Patent 6,319,668, 20 November 2001
Nowinski RC (1991) Method of enhancing direct immunofluorescence staining of cells. US Patent 5,068,178, 26 November 1991
Oho A (2002) Curry food containing vegetable pigment. JP Patent 330733, 19 November 2002
Oi VT, Glazer AN, Stryer L (1982) Fluorescent phycobiliproteins conjugates for analysis of cells and molecules. J Cell Biol 93:981–986
Okutomi T (1998) Kit for microbial infection diagnosis. JP Patent 232232, 2 September 1998
Olweus J, Lund-Johansen F (2001) CD123 + dendritic cells in blood and lymphoid tissues. US Patent 6,294,381, 25 September 2001
Olweus J, Lund-Johansen F, Thompson P (2000) Differentiation of granulocytic and monocytic progenitor cells. US Patents 6,096,540, 1 August 2000
Omori T (2005) Health food. WO Patent 2005112667, 12 January 2005
Orfao de Matos Correira E, Vale JA (1996) Procedure for the simultaneous quantification, in a single measurement, of the major types of human lymphocytes and their subsets. US Patent 5,538,855, 23 July 1996
Padgett MP, Krogmann DW (1987) Large scale preparation of pure phycobiliproteins. Photosynthesis Res 11:225–235
Patterson BK, Mosiman V, Goolsby C (2001) Process of determining the efficacy of drug treatment in HIV infected subjects. US Patent 6,210,875, 3 April 2001
Paulus HP (1996) Bispecific antibody determinants. US Patents 5,523,210, 4 June 1996
Pawliszyn J, Wu XZ (2001) Measurement of fluorescence using capillary isoelectric focusing. CN Patent 2343700, 13 October 2001
Pawliszyn J, Wu XZ, Huang T (2005) Measurement of fluorescence using capillary isoelectric focusing. US Patent 6,852,206, 8 February 2005
Pieloch MJ (2006) Method of use and dosage composition of bluegreen algae extract for inflammation in animals. US Patent 7,025,965, 11 April 2006
Pillai MG, Raghavarao KS (2001) An improved process for the preparation of natural blue colourant phycocyanin from Spirulina. IN Patent 186297, 28 July 2001
Qian K, Li J (2001) Process for separating and purifying high-purity high-activity phycocyanin. CN Patent 1291616, 18 April 2001
Qin S, Li X (1997) Microbe capable of producing active recombinant phycobiliprotein and its preparing method. CN Patent 1157324, 20 August 1997
Qin S, Lin F (2005) Recombinated phycobiliprotein and its preparation method and application. CN Patent 1618803, 25 May 2005
Que Z (2004) Oral medicament of viral infection preventing agent. CN Patent 1524574, 1 September 2004
Ranjitha K, Kaushik BD (2005) Purification of phycobiliproteins from Nostoc muscorum. J Sci Indus Res 64:372–375
Rao PE (1992) Multiple colour staining reagent for blood cells and method of analysis. EP Patent 0509718, 21 October 1992
Recktenwald DJ (1988a) Method for analysis of subpopulations of blood cells. US Patent 4,727,020, 23 February 1988
Recktenwald DJ, Chen CH (1988b) Multi-colour fluorescence analysis with single wavelength excitation. US Patent 4,745,285, 17 May 1988
Recktenwald DJ, Kerndt RS, Loken MR, Chen CH (1989) Method and materials for calibrating flow cytometers and other analysis instruments. US Patent 4,867,908, 19 September 1989
Reis A, Mendes A, Fernandes HL et al (1998) Production, extraction and purification of phycobiliproteins from Nostoc sp. Bioresourse Technol 66:181–187
Remirez D, Fernandez V, Tapia G et al (2002) Influence of C-phycocyanin on hepatocellular parameters related to liver oxidative stress and kupffer cell functioning. Inflamm Res 51:351–356
Reutelingsperger CPM (1998) Method for detecting and/or optionally quantifying and/or separating apoptotic cells in or from a sample. US Patent 5,834,196, 10 November 1998
Richards-Kortum RR, Zuluaga AF, Drezek R, Smithpeter C, Collier T (2003) Enhancing contrast in biological imaging. US Patent 6,593,101, 15 July 2003
Rigbi M, Rosinski J, Siegelman HW et al (1980) Preparation of Fremyella diplosiphon (Calothrix PCC 7601) phycobilisomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci 77:1961
Roben P, Stevens AC (2005) Methods for identifying and isolating tissue-specific lumen-exposed molecules. US Patent 6,903,196, 7 June 2005
Rodriguez H, Rivas J, Guerrero MG et al (1989) Nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria with a high phycoerythrin content. Appl Environ Microbiol 55:758–760
Roederer M (1998) Cy7-allophycocyanin conjugates for use in multiplex fluorescence detection assays. US Patent 5,714,386, 3 February 1998
Roman BR, Alvarez-Pez JM, Fernandez A et al (2002) Recovery of pure B- Phycoerythrin from the microalga Porphyridium cruentum. J Biotechnol 93:73–85
Romay CH, Gonzalez R, Ledon N et al (2003) C-phycocyanin A Biliprolein with antioxidant, ant-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Current Protein Peptide Sci 4:207–216
Rosebrough SF (1998) Biotinidase-resistant biotinylated compound and methods of use thereof. US Patent 5,807,879, 15 September 1998
Rosok MJ, Lostrom ME, Darveau RP (1998) Diagnostic test for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. US Patent 5,716,829, 10 February 1998
Roth M (2003) Method of diagnosing autoimmune disease. US Patent 6,596,501, 22 July 2003
Sajilata MG, Singhal RS (2006) Isolation and stabilization of natural pigments for food applications. Stewart post harvest Review doi: 10.2212/spr.2006.5.11
Sakakibara M, Kato T, Shimamatsu S (1983) Phycocyanin cross linked with imide ester and use thereof. JP Patent 222029, 23 December 1983
Sakashita H, Kishioka H, Konishi S, Swada T, Kitamori T (1995) Method of performing at immunoassay using photothermal deflection spectroscopy. US Patent 5,439,830, 8 August 1995
Samuelson LA, Kaplan DL, Marx KA, Tripathy SK, Kumar J (1993) Process of making Langmuir-Blodgett films having photo-electronic properties. US Patent 5,260,004, 9 November 1993
Santos MC, Noyalo PT, Olvera RR et al (2004) Extraction and purification of phycocyanin from Calothrix spp. Process Biochem 39(12):2047–2052
Sarada R, Sathuluri R (2000) An improved process for the extraction of phycocyanin from the alga Spirulina. IN Patent 184767, 30 September 2000
Sarada R, Pillai MG, Ravishankar A (1999) Phycocyanin from Spirulina sp. influence of processing of biomass an phycocyanin yield, analysis of efficary of extreetion methods and stability studies on phycocyanin. Process Biochem 24:795–801
Schwartz A (1988) Fluorescent calibration microbeads simulating stained cells. US Patent 4,774,189, 27 September 1988
Schwartz A (1989) Method of compensating and calibrating a flow cytometer, and microbead standards kit therefor. US Patent 4,857,451, 15 August 1989
Schwartz A (1991) Microbead reference standard and method of adjusting a flow cytometer to obtain reproducible results using the microbeads. US Patent 5,073,497, 17 December 1991
Schwartz A (1992) Method of aligning, compensating, and calibrating a flow cytometer for analysis of samples, and microbead standards kit therefor. US Patent 5,093,234, 3 March 1992
Schwartz A (1994) Method of setting up a flow cytometer. US Patent 5,314,824, 24 May 1994
Schwartz A (1998) Flow cytometer calibration method. US Patent 5,837,547, 17 November 1998
Schwartz A, Hetzel AD (1995) Automated system for performance analysis and fluorescence quantitation of samples. US Patent 5,380,663, 10 January 1995
Schweitzer M, Anderson RR, Fiechtner MD, Muller J, Raddatz S, Brucher C, Windhab N, Orwick JM, Schneider E, Pignot M, Kienle S (2005) Enzymatic modification of a nucleic acid-synthetic binding unit conjugate. US Patent 6,893,822, 17 May 2005
Sekar S, Paulraj P (2007) Strategic mining of cyanobacterial patents from the USPTO patent database and analysis of their scope and implication. J Appl Phycol. doi:10.1007/s10811-006-9136-5
Sekar S, Subramanian G (1998) A method of mass cultivation of the marine cyanobacterium Phormidium valderianum BDU 30501 for the production of blue natural colourant phycocyanin. In: Subramanian G, Kaushik BD, Venkataraman GS (ed) Cyanobacterial Biotechnology. Science Publishers, New Hampshire
Sekar S, Priya SL, Roy WP (2000) Optimization of mass cultivation media for the production of biomass and natural colourants from two marine cyanobacteria by a mathematical design of experiments. J Plant Biotechnol 2(3):157–163
Sheridan PJ, Gagne JC, Anderson ML (1998) Oligonucleotide probe conjugated to a purified hydrophilic alkaline phosphatase and uses thereof. US Patent 5,780,227, 14 July 1998
Shih SR, Tsai KN, Li YS et al (2003) Inhibition of enterovirus 71-induced apoptosis by Allophycocyanin isolated from a glue-green alga Spirulina platensis. J Med Virol 70:119–125
Shimamatsu S, Hamada S (1980) Increasing method of phycocyanin yield. JP Patent 018449, 8 February 1980
Shimamatsu S, Kato T (1980) Preparation of alcohol-resistant high-purity phycocyanin. JP Patent 077890, 12 June 1980
Shinhara K, Kotanino T (1987a) Culture of animal cell. JP Patent 278979, 3 December 1987
Shinhara K, Kotanino T (1987b) Process for culturing animal cells and appropriate media. EP Patent 0247881, 2 December 1987
Shu Z, Xinhan C (1994) New-type laser photosensitizer for curing carcinosis. CN Patent 1091976, 14 September 1994
Sidler WA (1994) Phycobilisome and phycobiliproteins structures. In: Bryant DA (ed) The molecular biology of cyanobacteria. Kluwer, Netherlands, pp 139–127
Siegelman HW, Kycia JH (1978) Algal biliproteins. In: Hellebust JA, Craige JS (ed) Hand book of phycological methods - physiological and biochemical methods. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 72–79
Siiman O (2004) Method for the analysis of soluble analytes. US Patent 6,696,243, 24 February 2004
Siiman O, Burshteyn A (1998) Ligand-aminodextran-marker conjugates and uses thereof. WO Patent 9852040, 19 November 1998
Siiman O, Burshteyn A, Concepcion O, Forman M (1998) Methods of enumerating receptor molecules for specific binding partners on formed bodies and in solution.US Patent 5,814,468, 29 September 1998
Siiman O, Smith C, Roth P, Burshteyn A, Raynor R (1999a) Antibody-aminodextran-phycobiliprotein conjugates. US Patent 5,891,741, 6 April 1999
Siiman O, Burshteyn A, Wilkinson J, Mylvaganam R (1999b) Simultaneous analyses of white blood cell subsets using multi-colour, multi-intensity fluorescent markers in flow cytometry. US Patent 5,994,089, 30 November 1999
Siiman O, Burshteyn A, Mylvaganam R, Raynor R, Roth P, Smith C, Wilkinson J (2002) Ligand-aminodextran-marker conjugates and uses thereof. US Patent 6,387,622, 14 May 2002
Silva H, Cortinas TI, Ertola RJ (1989) Effect on nutritional factors on the culture of Nostoc sp. as a source of phycobiliproteins. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 31:293–297
Simons MJ (1992) Fetal cell recovery method. US patent 5,153,117, 6 October 1992
Sluis-Cremer N, Parniak M, Pelletier A (2004) Assay for identifying inhibitors of HIV RT dimerization. US Patent 6,811,970, 2 November 2004
Sohn G, Sautter C (1991) R-phycoerythrin as a fluorescent label for immunolocalization of bound atrazine residues. The J Histochem and Cytochem 399(7):921–926
Soini E, Hanninen P, Soini J (1999) Biospecific multiparameter assay method. US Patent 5,891,738, 6 April 1999
Sommadossi Jean-Pierre (1995) Method of detecting and monitoring levels of 3′-amino-3′-deoxythymidine in body fluids and antibodies for same. US Patent 5,464,748, 7 November 1995
Spolaore P, Cassan CJ, Duran E et al (2006) Commercial application of microalgae. J Biosci Bioeng 101(2):87–96
Stevens Jr SE, Murphy RC (1996) Recombinant biopesticide and method of use thereof. US Patent 5,518,897, 21 May 1996
Stewart SJ (1997) Rapid immunoassay for detection of antibodies or antigens incorporating simultaneous sample extraction and immunogenic reaction. US Patent 5,695,928, 9 December 1997
Stewart SJ (2003) Rapid immunoassay for detection of antibodies or antigens incorporating simultaneous sample extraction and immunogenic reaction. US Patent 6,503,702, 7 January 2003
Stewart DE, Farmer FH (1984) Extraction, identification and quantitation of phycobiliproteins pigments from phototropic biomass. Limnol Oceanogr 29:392–397
Stewart MW, Gordon PA, Etches WS (1998) Methods for determining antiphospholipid antibodies. US Patent 5,840,587, 24 November 1998
Stoughton R, Dai H (2002) Statistical combining of cell expression profiles. US Patent 6,351,712, 26 February 2002
Stryer L, Glazer AN (1985) Phycobiliprotein fluorescent conjugates. US Patent 4,542,104, 17 September 1985
Stryer L, Glazer AN, Oi VT (1985) Fluorescent immuno assay employing a phycobiliprotein labeled legand or receptor. US Patent 4,520,110, 28 May 1985
Stryer L, Glazer AN, Oi VT (1989) Fluorescent conjugates for analysis of molecules and cells. US Patent 4,859,582, 22 August 1989
Stryer L, Glazer AN, Oi VT (1991) Fluorescent conjugates for analysis of molecules and cells. US Patent 5,055,556, 8 October 1991
Sumi T (2003a) Method for producing red pigment. JP Patent 231821, 19 August 2003
Sumi T (2003b) Method for extracting red colouring matter. JP Patent 292815, 15 October 2003
Sunzeri FJ (1996) Capillary electrophoresis assay method useful for the determination of constituents of a clinical sample. US Patent 5,536,382, 16 July 1996
Suter GW, Holzwarth AR (1987) A kinetic model for the energy transfer in phycobilisomes. Biophys J 52:673–683
Tanabe Y, Shimada A, Sumi H (1981) Preparation of dried laver. JP Patent 134977, 22 October 1981
Tanabe Y, Shimamatsu S (1981) Cosmetic containing hard-soluble phycocyanin. JP Patent 063911, 30 May 1981
Telford WG, Moss MW, Moreseman JP et al (2001a) Cryptomonad algal phycobiliproteins as fluorochromes for extracellular and intracellular antigen detection by flow cytometry. Cytometry 44:16–23
Telford WG, Moss MW, Moreseman JP et al (2001b) Cyanobacterial stabilized phycobilisomes as fluorochromes for extracellular antigen detection by flow cytometry. J Immunol Meth 254:13–30
Terstappen LWMM (1993) Method for the classification and monitoring of leukemias. US Patent 5,234,816, 10 August 1993
Terstappen LWMM, Chen CH (2001) Multidimensional cell differential analysis. US Patent 6,287,791, 11 September 2001
Terstappen LWMM, Picker LJ (1996) T lymphocyte precursor. US Patent 5,583,033, 10 December 1996
Terstappen LWMM, Loken MR, Shah VO (1991) Method for discriminating between intact and damaged cells in a sample. US Patents 5,057,413, 15 October 1991
Tomer A (1998) Flow cytometry assay for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. US Patent 5,763,201, 9 June 1998
Trainer M (2003) Device and method for analytical cell imaging. WO Patent 03093795, 13 November 2003
Tsien RY, Taylor SS, Adams SR, Ji Y (1995) Detection of analytes using fluorescent energy transfer. US Patent 5,439,797, 8 August 1995
Tunaka Y (1988) Production of phycoerythrin. JP Patent 263095, 31 October 1988
Unger EC, Wu Y (2000) Optoacoustic contrast agents and methods for their use. US Patent 6,123,923, 26 September 2000
van de Winkel JGJ (2000) Cyanidin compositions and therapeutic and diagnostic uses therefor. US Patent 6,146,837, 14 November 2000
van de Winkel JGJ (2003) Cyanidin compositions and therapeutic and diagnostic uses therefor. US Patent 6,540,977, 1 April 2003
Vernet M, Mitchell EG, Holm-Hansen O (1990) Adaptation of Synechococcus in situ determined by variability in intracellular phycoerythrin - 543 at a coastal station of the Southern California coast, USA. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 63:9–16
Vincent Jean-Pierre, Gaudriault G, Beaudet A (1997) Fluorescent somatostatin. US Patent 5,693,679, 2 December 1997
Vincent Jean-Pierre, Gaudriault G, Beaudet A (1998) Fluorescent somatostatin. US Patent 5,824,772, 20 October 1998
Viskari PJ, Colyer CC (2003) Rapid extraction of phycobiliproteins from cultured cyanobacteria samples. Anal Biochem 319:263–271
Viskari PJ, Kinkade CS, Colyer CL (2001) Determination of phycobiliproteins by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Electrophoresis 22:2327–2335
Vogt RF, Schwartz A (1992) Method for corrective calibration of a flow cytometry using a mixture of fluorescent microbeads and cells. US Patent 5,084,394, 28 January 1992
Voyta JC, Brooks E (1991) Increasing intensity of chemiluminescence. IT Patent 1230953, 8 November 1991
Waggoner A (2006) Fluorescent labels for proteomies and genomics. Current Opinion Chem Biol 10:62–66
Wagner DB (1989) Immunoassay of glycosylated hemoglobin using a labeled boron reagent. US Patent 4,861,728, 29 August 1989
Wake H, Akasaka A, Hishinuma K, Saitomasako, Matsunga T (1995) Production of phycocyanin. JP Patent 046993, 21 February 1995
Wang G, Li Z (2001) Application of R-phycoerythrin in preparing photosensitive medicine for phototherapy of tumor. CN Patent 1325729, 12 December 2001
Wang G, Sun H (2002) High-purity biliprotein separating process. CN Patent 1344723, 17 April 2002
Ward AJ, Mercolino TJ, Recktenwald DJ (1997) One step method for detection and enumeration of absolute counts of one more cell populations in a sample. US Patents 5,627,037, 6 May 1997
Watanabe T (1989) Method for determining base sequence of nucleic acid. JP Patent 112147, 28 April 1989
Waterbury JB, Watson SW, Glazer AN, Ong LJ (1989) Phycoerythrins useful in fluorescent conjugates. US Patent 4,857,474, 15 August 1989
Watkins MI, Edwards RB (2001) Multiplex flow assays preferably with magnetic particles as solid phase. US Patent 6,280,618, 28 August 2001
Watkins MI, Edwards RB (2005) Multiplex flow assays with magnetic particles as solid phase. US Patent 6,960,478, 1 November 2005
Wedemayer GJ, Wemmer DE, Glazer AN (1991) Phycobilins Of cryptophycean algae - structures of novel bilins with acrylolyl substituents from phycoerythrin 566. J Biol Chem 266(8):4731–4741
White P, Yoakim C (2004) E2 displacement assay for identifying inhibitors of HPV. US Patent 6,825,176, 30 November 2004
Wiltshire KH, Boersma M, Moller A et al (2000) Extraction of pigments and fatty acids from the green alga Scenadesmus oblique (cholorophycae). Aquat Ecol 34:119–126
Wu ZC (2006) Method for detecting tobacco mosaic virus using phycoerythrin fluorescent probe. CN Patent 1715924, 4 January 2006
Wyman M (1992) An in vivo method for the estimation of phycoerythrin concentration in marine cyanobacteria (Synechococcus spp.) Limnol Oceanogr 37:1300–1306
Xiang W, He H (2003) Method for preparing phycocyanin of sea water. CN Patent 1438240, 27 August 2003
Xu X (1994) Natural blue beverage preparing method made of spiral algae. CN Patent 1096178, 14 December 1994
Yasuda K, Tokinaga D, Kobayashi T, Imai K, Takahashi S (1987) Fluorescent immunoassay. JP Patent 298761, 25 December 1987
Yoneda M (2001) New food composition. JP Patent 157559, 12 June 2001
Yuanzhen Z, Zhaoqi Z (1996) Obtusatus arthrospira phycocyanin and its application. CN Patent 1117973, 6 March 1996
Zhang XW (2006) Fusion protein and method for preparing same. CN Patent 1721446, 18 January 2006
Zhang YM, Chen F (1999) A simple method for efficient separation and purification of c-phycocyanin and Allophycocyanin from Spirulina platensis. Biotechnol Techniq 13:601–603
Zhang Y, Liu L (2005) Rapid separating purification of R-phycoerythrin. CN Patent 1680435, 12 October 2005
Zhang Y, Zhang X (2005a) Stabilization technology for intact phycobilisomes of red algae and blue algae. CN Patent 1654627, 17 August 2005
Zhang Y, Zhang X (2005b) Process for changing intact phycobilisome of Spirulina platensis. CN Patent 1654628, 17 August 2005
Zhang Y, Zhang X (2005c) Process for preparing intact phycobilisome. CN Patent 1654629, 17 August 2005
Zhao K (2003) Process for preparing reversible photochromic biliprotein. CN Patent 1434057, 6 August 2003
Zhao K, Ran Y (2003) Preparation method of reversible photochromic biliprotein. CN Patent 1443849, 24 September 2003
Zheng D (2001) Method of extracting phycocyanin from Spirulina CN Patent 1295080, 16 May 2001
Zhongliang L, Changlan Z (1996) Blue liquid Spirulina beverage and preparing process thereof. CN Patent 1127611, 31 July 1996
Zhu Y, Li Y (2005) Simplified method for extracting a great lot phycocyanin. CN Patent 1687440, 26 October 2005
Zolla L, Bianchetti M (2001) High-performance liquid chromatography coupled on-line with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for the simultaneous separation and identification of the Synechocystis PCC 6803 phycobilisome proteins. J Chromatogr A 912:269–279
Acknowledgement
The authors acknowledge the financial support extended by the Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi, Government of India, in the form of a project research grant with fellowship.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sekar, S., Chandramohan, M. Phycobiliproteins as a commodity: trends in applied research, patents and commercialization. J Appl Phycol 20, 113–136 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-007-9188-1
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-007-9188-1