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Mangrove Biodiversity, Conservation and Roles for Livelihoods in Indonesia

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Mangroves: Biodiversity, Livelihoods and Conservation

Abstract

Indonesia is an archipelagic nation that comprises more than 17,504 islands and hosts the largest mangrove forest area in the world, consisting of 2.7 million ha in 2020. Mangrove forests in Indonesia distribute across all 34 provinces, with major areas distributed in the Eastern Indonesia region. Papua province has the largest mangrove area with 26.6% and followed by West Papua (17.5%), East Kalimantan (7.5%) and North Kalimantan (5.6%). Mangroves in deltaic and estuary settings in Indonesia are developed in a relatively large area in major islands, while oceanic mangroves typically occur across small islands, particularly in Sulawesi and Maluku regions. Mangrove flora in Indonesia comprises 157 species, of which 52 tree species (true mangrove), 21 species of shrubs, 13 species of liana, 7 species of palms, 14 species of grasses, 8 species of herbs, 3 species of parasites, 36 species of epiphytes and 3 species of ferns. There are approximately 122 species of invertebrates, 45 species of fishes and 148 species of terrestrial fauna found in Indonesian mangroves. Mangroves in Indonesia have faced direct human-made threats including deforestation and forest conversion to other land uses. Despite facing anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic disturbances, mangroves provide great benefits and support livelihoods to millions of coastal communities in Indonesia. On the other hand, maintaining natural and important mangrove functions in contributing to climate change mitigation and coastal adaptation.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Newton Fund project MOMENTS and supported by a research grant from the Indonesian Science Fund and Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education (DIPI/LPDP Grant Number No. NE/P014127.1). A part of this study was funded by the Directorate of Research and Community Service, Ministry of Research and Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency and Republic of Indonesia through the Post-Doctoral Research Scheme 2021 (No. 12/E1/KP.PTNB/2021).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Forestry, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia

    Mohammad Basyuni

  2. Center of Excellence for Mangrove, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia

    Mohammad Basyuni

  3. NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

    Sigit D. Sasmito

  4. Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Universitas Halu Oleo, Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

    Kangkuso Analuddin

  5. Postgraduate Program, Universitas Halu Oleo, Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

    Kangkuso Analuddin

  6. Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, South Sumatra, Indonesia

    Tengku Zia Ulqodry

  7. Independent Researcher, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia

    Meli F. Saragi-Sasmito

  8. Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Universitas PGRI Palembang, Palembang, South Sumatra, Indonesia

    Syaiful Eddy

  9. Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Barat, Kota Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia

    Noril Milantara

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  1. Sundarban Tiger Reserve, Canning, West Bengal, India

    Sudhir Chandra Das

  2. Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India

    Pullaiah

  3. Queen’s University Belfast Marine Laboratory (QML), Portaferry, Northern Ireland, UK

    Elizabeth C. Ashton

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Basyuni, M. et al. (2022). Mangrove Biodiversity, Conservation and Roles for Livelihoods in Indonesia. In: Das, S.C., Pullaiah, Ashton, E.C. (eds) Mangroves: Biodiversity, Livelihoods and Conservation . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0519-3_16

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